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Title:

Combustion diagnostics of IC Engine


Instructor: Dr. M.NAEEM
Group Member:

Fahad Noor (100678)
Sheikh Saad Arshad (100679)
Waqar Ahmed (100699)
Syed Saad Ali (100693)
Sohaib Imran (100696)
Umar Iqtedar (100688)
Content:
Introduction
LIF diagnostic technique
LII diagnostic technique
PIV diagnostic technique
MIE Scattering diagnostic technique
Functional Chain of Engine combustion and Diagnostic
tools:

LIF (Light Induced florescence)
Laser Spectroscopic Method for diagnostics of Engine
Combustion process.
Based on the Interaction between light and
individual molecules
Detects selective species of radicals and combustion
products.
Some applications
Nitrogen Oxide diagnostics, Temperature
Experimental Setup
NOx concentration reduction using EGR at different crank angles.

Reduction of Oxides of nitrogen using EGR
New technology for quantitative measurement of soot
volume fraction and primary soot particle size in engine
exhausts
Laser optical measurement technique
Soot produces by incomplete burning of hydrocarbons




LASER INDUCED
INCANDESCENCE (LII)
Working of LII
Soot is placed within the laser beam path
Heated rapidly using a pulsed laser source up to
sublimation temperature.
The collecting optics and photo detectors are used to
measure incandescence from soot particles.
Analysis of incandescence signals to get information of
soot particles
Laser energy absorption process requires complex
analysis of nano scale heat and mass transfer.
Laser heating is expected to affect soot form, shape or
structure.


Application
the LII instrument was installed in the trunk of a 2002
Volkswagen Jetta with a 1.9 liter TDI diesel engine
ancillary equipment consisting of a mini-tower PC and flat-
screen monitor, laser power supply, ejector pump and
compressor to extract exhaust from the tailpipe
An OBD-II scan tool interface was used to access the vehicle
and engine speeds
data set correlating time-resolved PM emissions with vehicle
operating conditions i.e. Acceleration
Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV)
Advanced laser-based measurement techniques.
Non-intrusive laser optical measurement technique
using laser-sheet flow visualization for research and
diagnostics into flow, turbulence, microfluidics and
combustion processes.
Measure two or three components of velocity
PIV Principle
Advantage & Disadvantage
Gives high degree of accuracy
Not requires Pitot tubes and other intrusive flow
measurement
High quantity information
High speed data processing
Large number of image pairs

Cannot perfectly follow due to high density of fluid.
z-axis is away from the camera.
PIV Modern Techniques:
Stereo PIV
Micro PIV
Nano PIV

Applications
Optimization of in-cylinder flow processes in automotive
Internal Combustion (IC) engines
Measuring flow over an aircraft wing in a wind tunnel.
Measurements of blood cells suspension flow in a square
micro-channel
Studying fluid mechanics in design.
Flow in an artificial heart assist system
MEI SCATTERING
WHAT IS MEI SCATTERING
HAPPENS IN LARGE SIZED PARTICLES SO HAS LESS DEPENDENCY
ON WAVE LENGTH



WORKING OF MEI-SCATTERING
FIGURE THE LASER IS THROWN TOWARDS THE FLAME OR THE
EXHAUST AIR AFTER THAT THE PARTICLES ARE DEFLECTED
TOWARDS CERTAIN ANGLE AND AS A RESULT OF THAT THE MASS
OF EACH PARTICLE IS CALCULATED BY USING THE MIE
SCATTERING INFOMETERY TECHINIQUE.GREATER DEFLECTION
MEANS LESSER MASS.
USE OF MEI SCATTERING IN
IC-ENGINE
It is used to check the amount of soot particles in diesel engine
It is used to check the content of mixture formed in engine it
gives optical diagnostics

The shows the flame large size particles inside
the flame. These results are then compared
with results of LIF to give mean diameter of
Particles.
REAL LIFE APPLICATION OF MEI
SCATTERING
MIE-SCATTENIG FINDS ITS APPLICATION IN Nephelometer (A
Device that measures particulate matter size distribution and
concentration from combustion)
Diesel Feedback Sensor Device that measures particulate
matter mass emissions in diesel exhaust in real-time


Combustion analysis via CARS
Coherent Anti Stokes Raman Spectroscopy
A relatively new kind of spectroscopic technique
Two laser beams converted coherently into a high intensity
beam.
Useful for obtaining spectra of discharge gases, plasmas,
combustion and atmospheric chemistry.
This method gives qualitative analysis rather than quantitative.
Working
Two high powered laser beams, along with
dye laser beam, are focused together in a
sample.
A coherent beam of frequency
3
= 2
1

2

is generated in the medium.
This frequency depends critically on the
presence of molecular resonance of the
medium at frequency (
1

2
)
As
1

2
is swept over the molecular
resonance, the intensity of the beam at
3
changes. Recording this intensity as a
function of 2
1

2
constitutes a CARS
spectrum.
Working
By changing the frequency
difference (1- 2) to a particular
Raman resonance, various
molecules can be probed.
The energy of the scattered light
depends quadratically on the
number of molecules and hence a
measurement of the molecular
density can be obtained.
Most often nitrogen is used as a
thermometer molecule.

Advantages of CARS
The high laser-like directionality of signal emitted by interacting N
2

allows for large distances between "emitter" and "receiver".
This method can have errors less than 5% for temperatures, which is
more satisfactory than most LIF results.
It provides accurate temperature and species concentration in
extremely hostile environments.

Any Questions

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