Motivation

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Motivation

Shehzad ahmad khan

Shumaila batool
Shamina adil
Emannual
Sherdil mussa

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❚ By the end of our presentation the learner
will be remember to

❚ Explain the motivation

❚ Enlist sources of motivation

❚ Discuss Type of the motivation.

❚ Describe Motivational concept

❚ Discuss Self control motivation

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Cont…

❚ Explain Motivational theories

❚ Explain Controlling motivation

❚ Discuss the Application of motivation

❚ Review the Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of

human needs.

❚ Discuss employee motivation.

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Motivation

❚ Motivation is the set of reasons that

determines one to engage in a particular
behaviour.
❚ According to various theories, motivation
may be rooted in the basic need to minimize
physical pain and maximize pleasure.
❚ It may include specific needs such as
eating and resting, or a desired object,
hobby, goal, state of being, ideal, or it may
be attributed to less-apparent reasons such
as altruism, or morality.
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Cont..

❚ Motivation is the activation or energization

of goal-oriented behavior

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Sources
❚ Motivation comes
from two sources.

❙ Oneself

❙ Other people.

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 Types of Motivation

Extrinsic motivation
Intrinsic motivation

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Intrinsic motivation

❚ Intrinsic motivation occurs when people

engage in an activity, such as a hobby,
without obvious external incentives.

❙ Research has found that it is usually

associated with high educational
achievement and enjoyment by students.

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Cont….
❚ Students are likely to be intrinsically motivated if
they:
❚ Attribute their educational results to internal factors
that they can control e.g. the amount of effort they
put in.
❚ Believe they can be effective agents in reaching
desired goals i.e. the results are not determined by
luck.
❚ Are interested in mastering a topic, rather than just
rote-learning to achieve good grades.

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Cont…
❚ In terms of sports, intrinsic motivation is the
motivation that comes from inside the
performer. That is, the athlete competes for
the love of the sport.

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Extrinsic motivation
❚ Extrinsic motivation comes from outside
of the performer. Money is the most obvious
example, but threat of punishment are also
common extrinsic motivations.
❙ In sports, the crowd may cheer the
performer on, and this motivates him or
her to do well. Trophies are also extrinsic
incentives.

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Cont….
❚ Competition is often extrinsic because it
encourages the performer to win and beat
others, enjoy the intrinsic rewards of the
activity.
❚ Social psychological research has indicated
that extrinsic rewards can lead to
overjustification and a subsequent reduction
in intrinsic motivation.

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 Self-control

❚ The self-control of motivation is increasingly understood

as a subset of emotional intelligence (as measured by
many intelligence tests)yet unmotivated to dedicate this
intelligence to certain tasks.

❚ Yale School of Management professor Victor Vroom's

"expectancy theory" provides an account of when people
will decide whether to exert self control to pursue a
particular goal.

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cont
❚ Drives and desires can be described as a deficiency
or need that activates behaviour that is aimed at a
goal or an incentive.
❚ These are thought to originate within the individual
and may not require external stimuli to encourage the
behaviour.
❚ Basic drives could be sparked by deficiencies such
as hunger, which motivates a person to seek food;

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Cont…
❚ whereas more subtle drives might be the desire for
praise and approval, which motivates a person to
behave in a manner pleasing to others.
❚ By contrast, the role of extrinsic rewards and stimuli
can be seen in the example of training animals by
giving them treats when they perform a trick
correctly.
❚ The treat motivates the animals to perform the trick
consistently, even later when the treat is removed
from the process.

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Abraham Maslow's hierarchy
of human need

❚ This theory is the one of the most widely

discussed theories of motivation.
❚ The theory can be summarized as follows:
❚ Human beings have wants and desires which
influence their behavior. Only unsatisfied
needs influence behavior, satisfied needs do
not.

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Cont….
❚ Since needs are many, they are arranged in order of
importance, from the basic to the complex.
❚ The person advances to the next level of needs only
after the lower level need is at least minimally
satisfied.
❚ The further the progress up the hierarchy, the more
individuality, humanness and psychological health a
person will show.

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Cont…..
❚ The needs, listed from basic (lowest,
earliest) to most complex (highest, latest)
are as follows:
❚ Physiological
❚ Safety
❚ Belongingness
❚ Esteem
❚ Self actualization

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Frederick Herzberg's two-
factor theory,

❚ Frederick Herzberg's two-factor theory,

intrinsic/extrinsic motivation, concludes that
certain factors in the workplace result in job
satisfaction, but if absent, lead to
dissatisfaction.
He distinguished between:
❙ Motivators; (e.g. challenging work,
recognition, responsibility) which give
positive satisfaction.

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Cont…
❚ Hygiene factors (e.g. status, job security, salary
and fringe benefits) that do not motivate if present,
but, if absent, result in demotivation.
❚ The name Hygiene factors is used because, like
hygiene, the presence will not make you healthier,
but absence can cause health deterioration.
❚ The theory is sometimes called the "Motivator-
Hygiene Theory."

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Drive Reduction Theory
❚ grows out of the concept that we have
certain biological drives, such as hunger:
❚ As time passes the strength of the drive
increases if it is not satisfied

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Unconscious motivation

❚ Psychotherapists point out that some behavior is so

automatic that the reasons for it are not available in
the individual's conscious mind.
❚ Compulsive cigarette smoking is an example.
Sometimes maintaining self-esteem is so important
and the motive for an activity is so threatening that it
is simply not recognized and, in fact, may be
disguised or repressed.

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CONT….
❚ Unconscious motives add to the hazards of
interpreting human behavior and, to the
extent that they are present, complicate the
life of the administrator.
❚ On the other hand, knowledge that
unconscious motives exist can lead to a
more careful assessment of behavioral
problems.

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Cont…
❚ Few contemporary psychologists deny the
existence of unconscious factors, many do
believe that these are activated only in
times of anxiety and stress.

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Controlling motivation

❚ The control of motivation is only understood to a

limited extent.
❚ There are many different approaches of motivation
training, but many of these are considered
pseudoscientific by critics.
❚ To understand how to control motivation it is first
necessary to understand why many people lack
motivation.

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Early programming

❚ Modern imaging has provided solid empirical support

for the psychological theory that emotional
programming is largely defined in childhood.
❚ Harold Chugani, Medical Director of the PET Clinic at
the Children's Hospital in Wayne State University
School of Medicine, has found that children's brains
are much more capable of consuming new
information (linked to emotions) than those of adults.

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Cont…
❚ Brain activity in cortical regions is about
twice as high in children as in adults from
the third to the ninth year of life. After that
period, it declines constantly to the low
levels of adulthood. Brain volume, on the
other hand, is already at about 95% of adult
levels in the ninth year of life.

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Organization

❚ Besides the very direct approaches to

motivation, beginning in early life, there are
solutions which are more abstract but
perhaps nevertheless more practical for self-
motivation.
❚ Virtually every motivation guidebook
includes at least one chapter about the
proper organization of one's tasks and goals.

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Cont…
❚ It is usually suggested that it is critical to
maintain a list of tasks, with a distinction
between those which are completed and
those which are not.
❚ The viewing of the list of completed tasks
may also be considered motivating, as it can
create a satisfying sense of
accomplishment.

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cont,…
❚ Other forms of information organization may also be
motivational, such as the use of mind maps to
organize one's ideas, and thereby "train" the neural
network that is the human brain to focus on the given
task. Simpler forms of idea notation such as simple
bullet-point style lists may also be sufficient, or even
more useful to less visually oriented persons..

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Employee Motivation
❚ Workers in any organization need something
to keep them working. Most times the salary
of the employee is enough to keep him or her
working for an organization .
❚ If no motivation is present in an employee,
then that employee’s quality of work or all
work in general will deteriorate

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Cont..
❚ Keeping an employee working at full
potential is the ultimate goal.
❚ There are many methods,
Some traditional ways or motivating workers
are placing them in friendly competition is a
great way to generate motivation among
employees.

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Drugs

❚ Some authors, especially in the

transhumanist movement, have suggested
the use of "smart drugs", also known as
nootropics, as "motivation-enhancers".
❚ The effects of many of these drugs on the
brain are emphatically not well understood,
and their legal status often makes open
experimentation difficult.

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Applications in education

❚ Motivation is of particular interest to

Educational psychologists because of the
crucial role it plays in student learning.
❚ Motivation in education can have several
effects on how students learn and their
behavior towards subject matter (Ormrod,
2003).

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Cont…
it can be
❚ Direct behavior toward particular goals
❚ Lead to increased effort and energy
❚ Increase initiation of, and persistence in, activities
❚ Enhance cognitive processing
❚ Determine what consequences are reinforcing
❚ Lead to improved performance.

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References
❚ http://www.motivation123.com
❚ Reiss, Steven (2004), "Multifaceted nature of
intrinsic motivation: The theory of 16 basic
desires", Review of General Psychology 8
(3): 179-193,
❚ Greenberg D. (1992) Freedom Nurtures
Culture and Learning Education in America:
A View From Sudbury Valley.

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Cont..

❚ Greenberg, D. (2000). 21st Century

Schools, edited transcript of a talk
delivered at the April 2000
International Conference on Learning
in the 21st Century.
❚ Greenberg, D. (1987). Chapter 20,
Evaluation, Free at Last — The Sudbury
Valley School.

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acknowledgment
❚ Noor khan
❚ Amir abdullah

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