More than 50 million people were

systematically murdered in the past 100

years- the century of mass murder.
In sheer numbers, these and other
killings make the 20
th
century the
bloodiest period in human history.
National Geo. 2006
Where does the Word
Genocide Come From?
Geno- cide
Geno- from the
Greek word Genos,
which means birth,
race of a similar
kind, tribe, family
Cide- From the
Latin word Cida,
which means to
kill.
What is Genocide??
Any of the following acts committed with intent
to destroy, in whole or in part, a national,
ethnic, racial or religious group, as such:
1. Killing members of the group.
2. Causing serious bodily or mental harm.
3. Deliberately inflicting conditions of life for
physical destruction in whole or in part.
4. Imposing measures intended to prevent
births within the group
5. Forcibly transferring children of the group to
another group."
Wikepedia
Genocide in History
There are many cases of Genocide which have
existed throughout our history dating back to biblical
times.
Genocides From 1500-1950
The Native Canadian people(Mikmaw, Beothuk)
The Congo 1820-1920
Ottoman Empire
(19321933) Holodomor
World War II
Mao Zedong
Native Canadian People
After the arrival of the Europeans in 1492-
Native populations began to drastically
decrease.
Some methods of genocide included
Murder
Infected smallpox blankets
Scalping Proclamations
Treaties
Centralization (1942)
The Indian Act (Residential Schools) 1928-1982
Population declined 80-90% in the first 100 years
The Congo
The population decreased due to
murder, disease, starvation.
Congo Free State was privately
owned by King Leopold II and he
started the mass murders and slave
labor.
In 1908 end of
Leopolds rule

21.5 million people died in Congo from 1880-1920
Holodomor 1932-1933
Famine was the act of Genocide committed by the
Soviet Govern.
In 1932 the Soviets increased grain production 44%,
which resulted in Grain Shortage- the peasants could
not feed themselves. The Soviet knew this, but would
not let them eat (by law) until the quota was met.
They could not travel for food.
Stalin states that "the great bulk (of the 10 million)
were very unpopular and were wiped out by their
labourers."

7,000,000 to 15,000,000 people, mostly Ukrainians, died

Armenian Genocide (1915-1923)
The Ottoman Empire (Turkish) existed from
1299 to 1923. They were responsible for the
following:
Deportation of 2,000,000 from their homeland-
1,500,000 of the men, women and children were
then murdered.
500,000 were expelled from the Armenian
homeland which existed for 2,500 years.
The Turkish gov. disputes these charges
15 countries agree (France and Russia)

Up to 1.5 million Armenians were slaughtered
WORLD WAR II 1939-1945
During the Holocaust the Nazis killed
6million Jews, 3 million POWs, 2 million
Poles and 400,000 other undesirables(slaves,
homosexuals and communists)
The holocaust was most predominant from
previous genocides because of the cruelty,
scale and efficiency of the mass murders.
People were killed by: open-air shootings, by
killing squads, extermination camps (gas
chambers, mass shootings)

Over 11 million People were killed.
Mao Zedong killed 30 million Chinese
people during his reign in 1945-1976
Although World War II is the most common
Genocide that occurred during 1500-1950s, it is very
important for us to understand the other cases of
Genocide that have occurred throughout our history
and our World.
Genocides from 1951-Present
Cambodia (19751979)
Saddam Hussein's Baath Party
Rwanda 1994
Sudan



Cambodia 1975-1979
The communist party Khmer Rouge ruled
Cambodia from 1975-1979. They were
responsible for forced labour, starvation, and
execution.
This was one of the most lethal regimes of
the 20
th
century.
This communist party killed suspect ethnic
groups- Chinese, Vietnamese,Buddhist
monks, and refugees.

The Khmer Rouge killed 1.7 million
Saddam Husseins Baath Party
In 1987-1991 (approx) the Baath Party killed 100,000
Kurds. (The Kurds are people of Indo-European
origin who live mainly in the mountains and uplands
where Turkey, Iraq, and Iran meet, in an area known
as "Kurdistan" for hundreds of years)
The Gulf War (1990) It is estimated that 300,000
people are buried in 260 mass graves.
1991-2003- Estimates of 500,000 to 1.2 million
people were killed through bombings.
After the September 11, 2001 attacks- the US
invaded Iraq-2003 Saddam was captured.



RWANDA 1994
The Rwandan Genocide was the slaughter of an estimated
800,000 to 1,000,000 Tutsis and moderate Hutus, mostly
carried out by two extremist Hutu militia groups (Interahamwe
and Impuzamugambi) during a period of 100 days from April
6th through mid-July 1994.
The Western and First World Countries did nothing to help this
situation.
Prior to the attacks the UN did not respond to reports of the
Hutu plans.
This Genocide was ended when the Tutsi rebel movement
(Rwandese Political Front) lead by Paul Kagame seized power of
the Hutu Government.
Rwanda 1994
Hutu Mobs armed with machetes and other weapons
killed roughly 8,000 Tutsis a day during a three-month
campaign of terror. Powerful nations stood by as the
slaughter surged on despite pleas from Rwandan and UN
observers National Geographic 2006.
Sudan Civil War 1983-
Sudan signed a peace agreement in 2002-
where they were accused of genocide.
Since the civil war began in 1983:
2,000,000 people have been killed
4, 000, 000 people have been displaced.
Mukesh Kapila ( UN coordinator) has stated that "This
is more than just a conflict. It is an organised attempt [by Khartoum] to do
away with a group of people. The only difference between Rwanda [in
1994] and Darfur now is the numbers of dead, murdered, tortured and
raped involved.


Sudan Cont
In 2004, it became widely known that a
nomadic group Janjaweed was trying to get
rid of 80 black African groups in the Darfur
region.
This was is very similar to Rwanda. However
professional/intellectuals are not being
attacked- it is a fight between the nomads
and farmers for land.
There is risk of famine and a threat to
international security.
Scientists continue to discover mass graves and
are exhuming the remains.
They try to determine the cause of death in the
skeletons and then match up the bones/identity
info. to determine who the victims were.
Hundreds of Iraquis have been exhumed-but there
are still thousands more to be found.
Humans allow Genocide to continue and the
civilized first world countries continue to look the
other wayand the tragedies continue.
Will humans ever overcome the ethnic hatreds
and other factors that contribute to genocide?

Current Research
Genocide is a process that develops in eight stages that
are predictable but not inexorable. At each stage, preventive
measures can stop it. The later stages must be preceded by
the earlier stages, though earlier stages continue to operate
throughout the process.

























































































































The eight stages of genocide are:
Classification Organization Extermination
Symbolization Polarization Denial
Dehumanization Preparation

All cultures have categories to distinguish people into
"us and them" by ethnicity, race, religion, or
nationality: German and Jew, Hutu and Tutsi. Bipolar
societies that lack mixed categories, such as Rwanda
and Burundi, are the most likely to have genocide.


1. CLASSIFICATION:

We give names or other symbols to the
classifications. We name people "Jews" or "Gypsies",
or distinguish them by colors or dress; and apply
them to members of groups. Classification and
symbolization are universally human and do not
necessarily result in genocide unless they lead to the
next stage, dehumanization. When combined with
hatred, symbols may be forced upon unwilling
members of pariah groups: the yellow star for Jews
under Nazi rule, the blue scarf for people from the
Eastern Zone in Khmer Rouge Cambodia.
2. SYMBOLIZATION

One group denies the humanity of the other group.
Members of it are equated with animals, vermin,
insects or diseases. Dehumanization overcomes the
normal human revulsion against murder.

3. DEHUMANIZATION:

Genocide is always organized, usually by the state,
though sometimes informally (Hindu mobs led by
local RSS militants) or by terrorist groups. Special
army units or militias are often trained and armed.
Plans are made for genocidal killings.
4. ORGANIZATION:

Extremists drive the groups apart. Hate groups
broadcast polarizing propaganda. Laws may forbid
intermarriage or social interaction. Extremist terrorism
targets moderates, intimidating and silencing the
center.
5. POLARIZATION:

Victims are identified and separated out because of
their ethnic or religious identity. Death lists are drawn
up. Members of victim groups are forced to wear
identifying symbols. They are often segregated into
ghettoes, forced into concentration camps, or
confined to a famine-struck region and starved.
6. PREPARATION:

Extermination begins, and quickly becomes the mass
killing legally called "genocide." It is "extermination"
to the killers because they do not believe their victims
to be fully human. When it is sponsored by the state,
the armed forces often work with militias to do the
killing. Sometimes the genocide results in revenge
killings by groups against each other, creating the
downward whirlpool-like cycle of genocide.

7. EXTERMINATION:

It is among the surest indicators of further genocidal
massacres. The perpetrators of genocide dig up the
mass graves, burn the bodies, try to cover up the
evidence and intimidate the witnesses. They deny
that they committed any crimes, and often blame
what happened on the victims. They block
investigations of the crimes, and continue to govern
until driven from power by force, when they flee into
exile. There they remain with impunity, like Pol Pot.
8. DENIAL: