T. K.

Yin, NUK-CSIE
Introduction to Computer Science
(I)
Introduction
T. K. Yin, NUK-CSIE
Information Technology in Our
Lives
Digital Convergence
Converting whatever we can in the physical and
communications world to binary on/off signals,
called bits
Text
Voice
Picture
Movie
T. K. Yin, NUK-CSIE
At Home
Email, Internet shopping, virtual museum,
banking transactions, news
Small computers in VCRs, automobiles, air-
conditioning systems, washing machines,

T. K. Yin, NUK-CSIE
At Play
Group chatting, games, songs and movies from
Internet
T. K. Yin, NUK-CSIE
At Work
Mobile worker
Office software, Database, ERP, SCM, CRM
T. K. Yin, NUK-CSIE
At School or College
Computer-based courses, distance learning
T. K. Yin, NUK-CSIE
The History of Computing
3000 B.C.: The Abacus
The original mechanical counting device
Image courtesy of Computer History Museum, http://www.computerhistory.org
T. K. Yin, NUK-CSIE
1623-1662: Blaise Pascal
French mathematician and philosopher
Built the Pascaline in 1642
Image courtesy of Computer History Museum, http://www.computerhistory.org
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1642: The Pascaline
A counting-wheel design
A single revolution of one wheel would engage
gears that turned the wheel one tenth of a revolution
to its immediate left
Image courtesy of Computer History Museum, http://www.computerhistory.org
T. K. Yin, NUK-CSIE
1801: Jacquards loom
Frenchman Joseph-Marie Jacquard (1753-1871)
Weaving loom
The first significant use of binary automation
Image courtesy of Computer History Museum, http://www.computerhistory.org
T. K. Yin, NUK-CSIE
Jacquard Loom Salesmans Model
Image courtesy of Computer History Museum, http://www.computerhistory.org
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1793-1871: Charles Babbage
Envisioned a steam-powered difference engine
and then an analytical engine
Image courtesy of Computer History Museum, http://www.computerhistory.org
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1842: Bassages Difference Engine and the
Analytical Engine
Image courtesy of Computer History Museum, http://www.computerhistory.org
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Diagram Showing Method
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1816-1852: Lady Ada Augusta Lovelace
Punched cards could be prepared to instruct
Babbages engine to repeat certain operations
The first programmer
Source: http://archive.computerhistory.org/
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1860-1929: Herman Hollerith
Devised a punched-card tabulating machine to
speed up the 1890 U.S. census
Image courtesy of Computer History Museum, http://www.computerhistory.org
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1890: Holleriths Tabulating Machine
Used a hand punch to enter data onto cards

Image courtesy of Computer History Museum, http://www.computerhistory.org
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A Pantograph Punch
Image courtesy of Computer History Museum, http://www.computerhistory.org
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1874-1956: Thomas Watson, Sr.
In 1896 Herman Hollerith founded the Tabulating Machine
Company, which merged in 1911 with several other company to
form the Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company. It was
renamed the International Business Machines Corporation (IBM)
by company president Thomas J. Watson in 1924.

Image courtesy of Computer History Museum, http://www.computerhistory.org
T. K. Yin, NUK-CSIE
1920s-1950s: The Electro-Mechanical
Accounting Machine Era
Punched-card technology
Image courtesy of Computer History Museum, http://www.computerhistory.org
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Punched Card Office
Image courtesy of Computer History Museum, http://www.computerhistory.org
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1903-1995: Dr. John V. Atanasoff and His
ABC (Atanasoff Berry Computer)
Source: http://archive.computerhistory.org/
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1942: The First Elecronic Digital Computer:
The ABC

Source: http://archive.computerhistory.org/
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1946: The Electronic ENIAC Computer
Dr. John W. Mauchly (middle) collaborated with J.
Presper Ecjert, Jr. (foreground) at the University of
Pennsylvania to develop a machine that would compute
trajectory tables for the U.S. Army.
Used vacuum tubes
ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer)
Image courtesy of Computer History Museum, http://www.computerhistory.org
T. K. Yin, NUK-CSIE
1951: The UNIVAC I and the First
Generation of Computers
Used vacuum tubes in the first generation of computers
(1951-1959)
The Universal Automatic Computer (UNIVAC I) was
developed by Mauchly and Eckert for the Remington-
Rand Corporation
The first commercially viable electronic digital
computer

Source: http://archive.computerhistory.org/
T. K. Yin, NUK-CSIE
1954: The IBM 650
IBMs first entry into the commercial computer market
was the IBM 701 in 1953
IBM 650, introduced in 1954, was designed as a logical
upgrade to existing punched-card machines
Source: http://archive.computerhistory.org/
T. K. Yin, NUK-CSIE
1907-1992: Amazing Grace Murray
Hopper
In 1959, Dr. Hopper led an effort that laid the
foundation for the development of COBOL
Found the first bug in a computera real one. She
repaired the Mark II by removing a moth that was
caught in Relay Number II.


Source: http://archive.computerhistory.org/
T. K. Yin, NUK-CSIE
1958: The First Integrated Circuit
The first integrated circuit, a phase-shift oscillator, was
invented in 1958 by Jack S. Kilby of Texas Instruments.
Image courtesy of Computer History Museum, http://www.computerhistory.org
T. K. Yin, NUK-CSIE
1963: The PDP-8 Minicomputer
In 1963 Digital Equipment Corporation introduced the
PDP-8
The first successful minicomputer
Source: http://archive.computerhistory.org/
T. K. Yin, NUK-CSIE
1964: The IBM System/360 and the Third
Generation of Computers
The third generation was characterized by computers
built around integrated circuits
A family of computers with upward compatibility;
when a company outgrew one model it could move up
to the next model without worrying about converting its
data
Image courtesy of Computer History Museum, http://www.computerhistory.org
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1964: BASIC-More Than a Beginners
Programming Language
Dr. Thomas Kurtz and Dr. John Kemeny of Dartmouth
College developed a programming language that a
beginner could learn and use quickly
Image courtesy of Computer History Museum, http://www.computerhistory.org
T. K. Yin, NUK-CSIE
1969: ARPANET and the Unbundling of
Hardware and Software
A U.S. Department of Defenses Advanced
Research Project Agency (ARPA)
sponsorship of a project, named ARPANET,
was underway to unite a community of
geographically dispersed scientists by
technology
When IBM unbundled and sold software
separately, the software industry began to
flourish
Source: http://archive.computerhistory.org/
T. K. Yin, NUK-CSIE
1975: Microsoft and Bill Gates
Bill gates and Paul Allen formed Microsoft Corporation,
now the largest and most influential software company
in the world
Source: http://archive.computerhistory.org/
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1976: The Apple I
Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak, along with Ronald G.
Wayne formed the Apple Computer Company

Source: http://apple.computerhistory.org/stories
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1981: The IBM PC
IBM tossed its hat into the personal computer ring with
its announcement of the IBM Personal Computer
Image courtesy of Computer History Museum, http://www.computerhistory.org
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1982: Mitchell Kapor Designs Lotus 1-2-3
In 1982, Kapor founded Lotus Development Company.
Kapor and the company introduced an electronic
spread-sheet product, Lotus 1-2-3
Image courtesy of Computer History Museum, http://www.computerhistory.org
T. K. Yin, NUK-CSIE
1984: The Macintosh and Graphical User
Interfaces
Apple Computer introduced the Macintosh desktop
computer with a very friendly graphical user interface
Source: http://archive.computerhistory.org/
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1985-Present: Microsoft Windows
Microsoft introduced Windows, a GUI for IBM PC-
compatible computers in 1985
Image courtesy of Computer History Museum, http://www.computerhistory.org
T. K. Yin, NUK-CSIE
1989: The World Wide Web
Berners-Lee and a small team of scientists conceived
HTML (the language of the Internet), URLs (Internet
addresses), and put up the first server supporting the
neq World Wide Web format
Image courtesy of Computer History Museum, http://www.computerhistory.org
T. K. Yin, NUK-CSIE
1993: The Internet Browser
The development in 1993 of the graphical browser Mosaic by
Marc Andreesen and his team at the National Center For
Supercomputing Applications (NCSA) made the web accessible
to everyone.
Marc Andreesen and entrepreneur Jim Clark founded Netscape
in 1994 to create a web browser based on the Mosaic project.
Image courtesy of Computer History Museum, http://www.computerhistory.org
T. K. Yin, NUK-CSIE
1996: The Handheld Computer
The PalmPilot handheld computer was introduced by
Palm Computing, Inc.
Image courtesy of Computer History Museum, http://www.computerhistory.org
T. K. Yin, NUK-CSIE
Problem Transformation into
Calculations
Many real problems can be transformed into
calculations. Then, these calculations can
be conducted in computers.
Examples: Image processing, optimization,
ciphering and deciphering, simulations in
dynamic systems
T. K. Yin, NUK-CSIE
Personal Computers to
Supercomputers
Personal Computer (PC)
Desktop PC
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Notebook PC
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Tablet PC
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Wearable PC
Source: http://www.spectrum.ieee.org/publicfeature/oct00/wear.html
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Handheld Computer
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Workstation
To visualize and solve complex, technical
problems.

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Server Computers
Applications in business financial, customer
management solutions, decision support data
warehouse, e-commerce, and enterprise
resource planning
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Supercomputer
In a six-game match, a chess-playing IBM computer
known as Deep Blue defeats chess grandmaster Garry
Kasparov - the first time a reigning world champion
loses a match to a computer opponent in tournament
play. Deep Blue is an IBM RS/6000 SP supercomputer
capable of calculating 200 million chess positions per
second.

Source: http://www-1.ibm.com/ibm/history/history/year_1997.html
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Information Systems
Data processing systems
Transaction handling, record keeping
Primarily for clerical personnel and
operational-level managers
Source: http://www.lockheedmartin.com
T. K. Yin, NUK-CSIE
Management information system
Uses an integrated database and supports a
variety of functional areas
Structured information (for example, a weekly
inventory status report with predefined content
and format)
Applications in hospitals (patient accounting,
point-of-care processing), insurance (claims-
processing systems, policy administration,
actuarial statistics), and colleges (student
registration, placement)
T. K. Yin, NUK-CSIE
Decision support system
Helps the decision makers, especially those at
the tactical and strategic levels, in the decision-
making process
Interactive system
Source: http://cdss.state.co.us
T. K. Yin, NUK-CSIE
Executive information system
Subset of DSS
Supports decision making at the executive
levels of management, primarily the tactical
and strategic levels
Source: http://www.tzuchi.com.tw/medinfo99/3-3-41.htm
T. K. Yin, NUK-CSIE
Artificial intelligence
Expert systems, simulation of human sensory
capabilities, neural networks, intelligent agents,
robots and robotics
Source: http://asimo.honda.com/index.asp
T. K. Yin, NUK-CSIE
Virtual reality
Combines computer graphics with special
hardware to immerse users in an artificial three-
dimensional world
Source: http://human-factors.arc.nasa.gov
T. K. Yin, NUK-CSIE
References
A Short History of Computing
Tim Bergin, Computing History Museum American University,
http://www.computinghistorymuseum.org/
Computer History Museum
http://www.computerhistory.org
Computers
Larry Long & Nancy Long, Twelfth Edition, Pearson Education,
Inc.
http://archive.computerhistory.org/