REMOVES FOREIGN AND NON ENDOGENOUS SUBSTANCES MAINTAINS ELECTROLYTES AND WATER MAINTAINS ACIDBASE BALANCE HORMONAL FUNCTIONS FORMATION OF URINE NEPHRON----FUNCTIONAL UNIT OF KIDNEY NEPHRON CONTAINS a)GLOMERULUS b)TUBULES
1000 to 2000 ml of urine is excreted/day
1)STEPS IN URINE FORMATION Glomerular filtration tubular reabsorption tubular secretion GLOMERULAR FILTRATION 700ml of plasma passes through kidneys per minute.
From this 120 to125 ml is filtered per/minute by kidneys.
THIS IS GFR. GFR DECREASES
GFR DECREASES IN 1. OCCLUSION OF AFFERENT ARTERIOLES
2. DECREASED PERMEABILITY OF THE MEMBRANE. 3. INCREASED INTRA CAPSULAR PRESSURE GFR INCREASES IN
1. INCRESED BP 2. DECREASED BLOOD PROTEIN OSMATIC PRESSURE 3. INCRESED GLOMERULAR PERMEABILITY Effective filtration pressure Is the result of A)The glomerular pressure in glomerular capillaries B)The opposing osmotic pressure of plasma proteins&Hydrostatic pressure of Bowmens capsule fluid Capillary pressure=75 mmHg Osmatic pressure of plasmproteins=30mmHg
Net effective filtration pressure Pef=Pg-(Ppp+Pbc) = 75-(30+20) Pef=25mmHg Pg=hydrostatic pressure in the glomerular capillaries Ppp=osmotic pressure of plasma proteins Pbc=hydrostatic pressure of the bowmans capsule fluid RATE OF FILTRATION IS INFLUENCED BY Variation in BP in glomerular cappilary Concentration of plasma proteins Factors altering intratubular pressure viz. a) rise with ureteral obstruction b) during osmotic diuresis c) state of blood vessels THE VOLUME OF GLOMERULAR FILTRATE FORMED DEPENDS ON: The number of glomeruli functioning at a time, The volume of blood passing through the glomeruli per minute and The effective glomerular filtration pressure In normal circumastances 700ml of plasma flow through the kidneys per minute& 120 to125ml of fluid is filtered in to bowmans capsule
Volume of filtrate reduced in extra renal conditions 1.Dehydartion 2.Oligemic shock 3.Cardiac failure 4.lower the glomerular filtration pressure
TUBULAR REABSORPTION Formation of primary urine is 120 to 125 ml/mt. Only 1 to 2ml/mt reaches the bldder, 170 litres of water filtered through the glomeruli &only 1.5 litre is excreted in the urine. So,99% glomerular filtrate is reabsorbed in the tubules
TUBULAR SECRETION Examples of substances secreted by the tubular epithelium are creatinine&potassium RENAL FUNCTION TESTS 1.TEST BASED ON GLOMERULAR FILTRATION: Urea clearance test Endogenous creatinine clearance test Inulin clearance test Cr51-EDTA clearance test
2.TESTS TO MEASURE RENAL PLASM FLOW Para-amino hippurate test(PAH) Filtration fraction 3.TESTS BASED ON TUBULAR FUNCTION: --Concentration and Dilution tests --15 minute-PSP excretion test --Measurement of tubular secretory mass MISCELANEOUS TESTS; Can determine size, shape, any Tumour, obstuction, Infarct etc. CLEARANCE TESTS CLEARANCE;DEFINED AS A VOLUME OF BLOOD OR PLASMA WHICH CONTAINS THEAMOUNT OF THE SUBSTANCE WHICH IS EXCRETED IN THE URINE OR THE CLEARANCE OF SUBSTANCE MAY BE DEFINED AS THE VOLUME OF BLOOD OR PLASMA CLEARED OF THE SUBSTANCE FOUND IN ONE MINUTE EXCRETION OF URINE SALIENT FEATURES OF SUBSTANCE USED FOR CLEARANCE TESTS a) It must be non toxic b) It should be small enough to pass through the glomerular membrane c) It should neither be secreted nor be absorbed by renal tubules d) It should not be metabolised in the body CREATININE CLEARANCE CREATININE CLEARANCE: Useful in the diagnosis and prognosis of the kidney disease. CREATININE CLEARANCE= Urine creatinine in mg/dl x Total volume of urine ___________________________________ Serum creatinine in mg/dl x 1440 REF.RANGE: Male:125ml/mt Female:115ml/mt A decresed creatinine clearance is very sensitive indicator of a reduced glomerular filtration rate, due to acute or chronic damage. CREATININE
The kidney reserve is such that only when about 50% kidney function must be lost before creatinine level in blood is raised. But serum creatinine minor change in concentration may be of significance, and the serum level usually parallel to the severity of the disease. CREATININE CREATININE:REF.RANGE:800---2000mg/day. Creatinine is a waste product formed from Creatinine phosphate which is stored form of the energy in muscle. this conversion is spontaneous, non enzymatic process and is dependant on total muscle mass and this mass is not affected by diet,age,sex or exercise. Since the production is continuous and it is not affected by other factors thats why Creatinine is an ideal substance for clearance test. This test is mainly to assess the glomerular filtration. GFR provides the most useful index for the assessment of the severity of renal disease. 24 hour urine collection
A 24 hour urine collection is a simple diagnostic procedure that measures the components of urine. The test is cheap, sensitive and is used to assess kidney function, hormones other substances can also be estimated RISKS OF THE PROCEDURE 24 hour urine collection is a safe, noninvasive procedure that is usually done without direct assistance. Certain factors or conditions may interfere with the accuracy of a 24 hour urine collection, include the following Forgetting to collect some of urine Going beyond 24 hour collection period and collecting excess urine Losing urine from specimen container through spilling Not keeping urine cold during collection period Acute stress Vigorous exercise PATIENT EDUCATION: The accuracy of the test results depends on the accuracy of the specimen collection Collect in a clean environment It is important that dust from clothing not contribute to the specimen content Do not collect urine in metal glass containers Females: Do not collect urine while menstruating PATIENT INSTRUCTIONS CAUTION: The collection bottle may contain a preservative in the form of tablets or strong acid solution which may burn your skin. Do not remove preservative from the bottle Keep the bottle upright so it does not spill Do not urinate directly in to the bottle Keep out of reach of children If liquid in the bottle is spilled or splashed, wash immediately. PATIENT INSTRUCTIONS Record the time and date on the collection container label as the START TIME AND DATE. Also record the time and date in the FINISH TIME/DATE--------space provided on the laboratory requisition Deliver the container and lab requisition to the laboratory immediately the collection is finished. PRESERVATIVES Preservatives to be added to 24 hour urine collection for various biochemical estimation Amylase, sodium, potassium and chloride-------------- no preservative C peptide, cortisol, lead and zinc------------------------- no preservative Protein and citrate------- no preservative Uric acid--------- no preservative PRESERVATIVES Calcium,phosphorous---10ml 6N HCL VMA,OXALATE-----------10ml 6N HCL CREATININE,UREA------10ml 6N HCL PROTEIEN AND CREATININE----------- ---10ml 6N HCL
CREATININE CLEARANCE This is covenient method &sensitive indicator for GFR ADVANTAGE OF CREATININE CLEARANCE; A)It is a normal metabolite of the body B)It does not require I.V. administration C)Estimation of creatinine is simple D)In early stages it has got advantage over S.Creatinine CR.CLEARANCE=UV/P In the calculation surface area is important Body surface area is calculated from LogA=0.425 LogW+0.725 LogH -2.144 CREATININE CLEARANCE This is covenient method &sensitive indicator for GFR ADVANTAGE OF CREATININE CLEARANCE; A)It is a normal metabolite of the body B)It does not require I.V. administration C)Estimation of creatinine is simple D)In early stages it has got advantage over S.Creatinine CR.CLEARANCE=UV/P In the calculation surface area is important Body surface area is calculated from
LogA=0.425 Log SW+0.725 log H-2.144 A=Body surface area in meter square W=Weight in Kg H=Height in cm Standard body surface area is 1.73 m Creatinine clearance corrected for body surface area Calculated as UxV x 1.73/PxA Male normal value=125 ml/mt Female normal value=115 ml/mt
A rough estimate of Creatinine clearance in Males=(140-Age) x Wt in Kg/72 xPcr C cr in Females=0.85 xCcr CREATININE COEFFICIENT=URINARY CREATININE EXPRESSED IN mg/kg body weight Normal range in Males 20 to 28mg/kg Females 15 to 21mg/kg Factor for converting mg/kg/ to nmol/kg/=0.00884 Value increses in Muscular Dystrophy P/C RATIO Creatinine estimation is also useful in the muscular dystrophy and in Nephrotic syndrome. P/C RATIO=protein concentration in mg/dl ___________________________________ creatinine concentration in mg/dl p/c ratio ref.range=< 1 P/C ratio increases in NEPHROTIC SYNDROME
M/C RATIO MC RATIO=mg of micro albumin/gms of creatinine AS PER AMERICAN DIABETIC ASSOCIATION NORMAL VALUE IS LESS THAN 30 mg of uma/gm creatinine Abnormal 30 to 299 Microalbuminemia More than 300 Maacroalbuminemia INULIN CLEARANCE 10 gm of Inulin is dissolved in 100ml of saline is injected I.V at a rate of 1 ml/mt over 2 hours I.C=UV/P ml/mt U=concentration of inulin in urine in mg/dl V=volume(ml) of urine passed /mt P=concentration of inulin in plasma in mg/dl I.C=125ml i.e GFR=125ml Similar clearance value is seen with MANNITOL,SORBITOL&DULCITOL INULIN CLEARENCE DECRESES IN
Decrease in renal flow Obliteration or decrese in number of functioning glomeruli Defect in the effective glomerular filtration pressure Used to know the substance reabsorbed Urea reabsorbed in tubules=I.C-UREA CLEARANCE ----------------------------- I.C 125-75 -------=0.4 SO,40% OF UREA REABSORBED 125 UREA CLEARANCE Maximum clearance; If the urine volume exceeds 2 ml/mt. Volume of blood cleared of urea/mt=UV/P =1000 X 2.1/28=75 Standered clearance;when the urinary volume is less than 2ml/mt Cs=Ux square root of V/P=54 ml Only 60% of glomelular filtrate urea excreted Urea clearance is 60% of Inulin clearance =UC/0.6=I.C
Determination of CR EDTA CLEARANCE SINGLE INJECTION IS USED FOR GFR ESTIMATION USED FOR CHILDREN &ADULTS CONVENIENT FOR CHILDREN WHERE IT IS NOT EASY TO COLLECT 24 HOUR URINE.