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2
Why are Result & Impact Indicators Needed?
To better understand the positive/negative
results of EC aid.
The main questions are:
1. What change is needed?
2. For whom?
3. How to measure this change?
3
Why are Result & Impact Indicators Needed?
1. Assist EC country teams to develop a
set of indicators for the programming
level (e.g. to guide development and
monitoring of a Country Strategy Paper)
2. To fill, as much as possible, the
'missing middle' between implementation
indicators and global impact indicators
4
The Missing Middle
Outputs Results
(Outcomes)
Specific
Impacts
Intermediate
Impacts
Global Impacts



Implementation
Programming




5
Agriculture & Rural Development Intervention Logic

Provision of
Public Goods
Better
Management of
Natural
Resources
Mitigating
Agricultural
Price Volatility
Increased
Productivity
Increased
Production
Higher Rural
Income
Economic
Growth
Social
Development
Poverty
Reduction
Output
Clusters
Results
(Outcomes)
Specific
Impacts
Intermediate
Impacts
Global
Impacts
Improved
Environmental
Sustainability
Improved
Quality of
Products
Increased
Profitability of
Rural Business
Increased
Affordability of &
Subsistence in Food
Increased
Trade
Enabling
Economic &
Regulatory
Environment
Efficient
Employment
Non-Farm
Agri-Labour
Greater Food
Security
MDG 1
MDGs 2, 3, 4,
5, 6 & 7
MDG 7
Improved
Access
Markets
Farm Inputs
Capital
Information
Services
6
Agriculture Based Economies (1)
Identified by:
Agriculture provides basis for growth
(i.e. contributes over 30% of GDP)
70% of poor live in rural areas
Typical areas:
Sub-Saharan Africa
Regions within India & Mexico
Intervention focus:
Improve smallholder competitiveness
Ensure livelihoods and food security
7
Efficient
Employment
Agriculture Based Economies (2)

Provision of
Public Goods
Better
Management of
Natural
Resources
Mitigating
Agricultural
Price Volatility
Increased
Productivity
Increased
Production
Higher Rural
Income
Economic
Growth
Social
Development
Poverty
Reduction
Output
Clusters
Results
(Outcomes)
Specific
Impacts
Intermediate
Impacts
Global
Impacts
Improved
Environmental
Sustainability
Improved
Quality of
Products
Increased
Profitability of
Rural Business
Increased
Affordability of &
Subsistence in Food
Increased
Trade
Enabling
Economic &
Regulatory
Environment
Non-Farm
Agri-Labour
Greater Food
Security
Improved
Access
Markets
Farm Inputs
Capital
Information
Services
8
Transforming Economies (1)
Identified by:
Agriculture no longer driver of growth (i.e. 7%
of GDP) with rising urban-rural poverty gap
82% of poor live in rural areas
Typical areas:
South/East Asia (e.g. China, India)
Middle East and North Africa (e.g. Morocco)
Intervention focus:
Comprehensive approach and multiple pathways
out of poverty to reduce the urban-rural divide
- shifting to high-value agriculture
- decentralising non-farm economic activities to rural areas
9
Efficient
Employment
Transforming Economies (2)

Provision of
Public Goods
Better
Management of
Natural
Resources
Mitigating
Agricultural
Price Volatility
Increased
Productivity
Increased
Production
Higher Rural
Income
Economic
Growth
Social
Development
Poverty
Reduction
Output
Clusters
Results
(Outcomes)
Specific
Impacts
Intermediate
Impacts
Global
Impacts
Improved
Environmental
Sustainability
Improved
Quality of
Products
Increased
Profitability of
Rural Business
Increased
Affordability of &
Subsistence in Food
Increased
Trade
Enabling
Economic &
Regulatory
Environment
Non-Farm
Agri-Labour
Greater Food
Security
Improved
Access
Markets
Farm Inputs
Capital
Information
Services
10
Urban-Based Economies (1)
Identified by:
Small agriculture sector (i.e. less than 0.5% of
GDP) with high urban poverty
45% of poor live in rural areas
Typical areas:
Latin America
Central Asia
Intervention focus:
Link farmers to modern food markets
Improve quality of agri-business and food industry
Introduce market for environmental services
11
Efficient
Employment
Urban-Based Economies (2)

Provision of
Public Goods
Better
Management of
Natural
Resources
Mitigating
Agricultural
Price Volatility
Increased
Productivity
Increased
Production
Higher Rural
Income
Economic
Growth
Social
Development
Poverty
Reduction
Output
Clusters
Results
(Outcomes)
Specific
Impacts
Intermediate
Impacts
Global
Impacts
Improved
Environmental
Sustainability
Improved
Quality of
Products
Increased
Profitability of
Rural Business
Increased
Affordability of &
Subsistence in Food
Increased
Trade
Enabling
Economic &
Regulatory
Environment
Non-Farm
Agri-Labour
Greater Food
Security
Improved
Access
Markets
Farm Inputs
Capital
Information
Services
12
Result (Outcome) Indicators (1)

Provision of
Public Goods
Better
Management of
Natural
Resources
Mitigating
Agricultural
Price Volatility
Output
Clusters
Results
(Outcomes)
Indicators
Enabling
Economic &
Regulatory
Environment
1. Support for consumers vulnerable to short-term
food price changes
2. Support for farmers vulnerable to short-term
food price changes
3. Access to road transportation
13. Preservation of natural resources
14. Sustainable management practices
15. Environmental services
4. Access to land
5. Access to water
6. Access to seeds and fertilisers
7. Access to improved breeds of animals/fish
10. Availability of credit
11. Investment in rural areas
12. Establishing a rural business
Improved
Access
Markets
Farm Inputs
Capital
Information
Services
8. Access to extension services
9. Access to information on market
13
Efficient
Employment
Result (Outcome) Indicators (2)

Provision of
Public Goods
Better
Management of
Natural
Resources
Mitigating
Agricultural
Price Volatility
Increased
Productivity
Increased
Production
Output
Clusters
Results
(Outcomes)
Improved
Quality of
Products
Enabling
Economic &
Regulatory
Environment
Non-Farm
Agri-Labour
Indicators
16. Non-farm employment
17. Agriculture labour employment
18. Land productivity
19. Labour productivity
20. Capital productivity
21. Production
22. Type of production/diversification
23. International marketing standards
Improved
Access
Markets
Farm Inputs
Capital
Information
Services
14
Efficient
Employment
Specific Impact Indicators

Provision of
Public Goods
Better
Management of
Natural
Resources
Mitigating
Agricultural
Price Volatility
Increased
Productivity
Increased
Production
Output
Clusters
Results
(Outcomes)
Improved
Quality of
Products
Enabling
Economic &
Regulatory
Environment
Non-Farm
Agri-
Labour
Indicators
24. Agricultural prices
25. Growth in agricultural
businesses
26. Growth in rural non-farm
businesses
27. Affordability of food
28. Subsistence in food
29. Agricultural trade
30. Rural non-farm trade
Increased
Profitability of
Rural Business
Increased
Affordability of &
Subsistence in Food
Increased
Trade
Improved
Access
Markets
Farm Inputs
Capital
Information
Services
15
Efficient
Employment
Intermediate Impact Indicators

Provision of
Public Goods
Better
Management of
Natural
Resources
Mitigating
Agricultural
Price Volatility
Increased
Productivity
Increased
Production
Output
Clusters
Results
(Outcomes)
Improved
Quality of
Products
Enabling
Economic &
Regulatory
Environment
Non-Farm
Agri-
Labour
Indicators
33. Land
sustainability
34. Sustainable
extraction of
water
35. Adapting to
climate change
31. Rural Income
32. Undernourishment
Increased
Profitability of
Rural Business
Increased
Affordability of
& Subsistence in
Food
Increased
Trade
Higher Rural
Income
Greater Food
Security
Improved
Environmental
Sustainability
Improved
Access
Markets
Farm Inputs
Capital
Information
Services
16
The Missing Middle
Outputs Results
(Outcomes)
Specific
Impacts
Intermediate
Impacts
Global Impacts



Implementation
Programming




17
Attention
1. This is a simplified tool, not a template.
Intervention logic must be developed for each country
based on its context and existing government strategies
2. Indictors are not fixed but provide ideas on how to
set, monitor and evaluate CSP objectives
3. Crosscutting issues should be mainstreamed into
relevant indicators (e.g. disaggregation of data by gender)
4. Outcomes/Impact are not fully attributable to the EC
Outputs are 100% attributable to the EC but attribution
falls as you move up the chain of results
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List of Key Indicators (with examples)
Price Volatility Result (Outcome) Indicators

1. Consumer vulnerability to short-term price changes
2. Farmer vulnerability to short-term price changes

Improved Access Result (Outcome) Indicators

3. Access to road transportation
4. Access to land
5. Access to water
6. Access to seeds and fertilisers
7. Access to improved breeds of animals/fish
8. Access to extension services
9. Access to information on markets
10. Availability of credit
11. Investment in rural areas
12. Establishing a rural business

Natural Resource Result (Outcome) Indicators

13. Preservation of natural resources
14. Sustainable management practices
15. Environmental services

Employment Result (Outcome) Indicators

16. Non-farm employment
17. Agricultural labour

Productivity Result (Outcome) Indicators

18. Land productivity
19. Labour productivity
20. Capital productivity
Production Result (Outcome) Indicators

21. Production
22. Type of production/diversification

Quality Result (Outcome) Indicators

23. International marketing standards
Profitability Specific Impact Indicators

24. Agricultural prices
25. Growth in agricultural businesses
26. Growth in rural non-farm businesses

Affordability/Subsistence Specific Impact Indicators

27. Affordability of food
28. Subsistence in food

Trade Specific Impact Indicators

29. Agricultural trade
30. Rural non-farm trade

Rural Income Intermediate Impact Indicators

31. Rural income

Food Security Intermediate Impact Indicators

32. Undernourishment

Environment Sustainability Intermediate Impact Indicators

33. Land sustainability
34. Sustainable extraction of water
35. Adapting to climate change