Fundamentals of Inorganic Chemistry

Lectures 1 & 2 SCH 100 Dr. E. Changamu Changamu.evans@ku.ac.ke Office: Biochemistry Rm 11

Evaluation
2 CAT 20 marks Practical 10 marks (Rem. Lab coats) End of term Exam 70

Syllabus
The early theories of atomic structure: the fundamental particles of the atom; Rutherfords planetary model The Bohr theory of the atom; failure of the Bohr theory. Plancks quantization of energy The photoelectric effect; Qualitative treatment of the atomic orbitals (s, p d and f). The Aufbau Principle and the periodic table. Common oxidation states of the elements.

Syllabus
Naturally occurring and artificially made isotopes, and their applications. Atomic properties of the elements
electronegativity electron affinity ionization energy

Chemical bonding
ionic, covalent, metallic, coordinate

Syllabus
Hybridization of atomic orbitals and shapes of simple molecules and ions. The nature of ionic and covalent compounds as influenced by the above factors. The mole concept and its application. General concepts of acids and bases - strong and weak acids and bases; pH calculations. Balancing of redox reactions.

Inorganic Chemistry
Is the custodian of all the elements known. Is concerned with the
Occurrence of the elements in nature Extraction from natural sources The reactions of the elements with other elements and compounds Safety and application of the elements and/ or their compounds

Chemistry
The study of the composition, properties, and transformations of matter

Inorganic Chemistry
Is related to the other divisions of chemistry
Organometallic chemistry bridges inorganic and organic chemistry. It deals with compounds containing direct metal-carbon bonds.

Inorganic Chemistry
Bioinorganic chemistry bridges biochemistry and inorganic chemistry Environmental chemistry includes the study of both inorganic and organic compounds.

Lecture Objectives
At the end of this lecture you should be able to
describe the historical development of atomic structure descried the nature of electrons, protons and neutrons explain the Thomson model of the atom explain Rutherford model of the atom describe the nature of electromagnetic radiation discuss the Bohr model and the atomic hydrogen spectrum

Atomic Structure
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE ATOMIC THEORY

460 BC Democritus develops the idea of atoms

He pounded up materials in his pestle and

mortar until he had reduced them to smaller and smaller particles which he called Atoma

ATOMA
(greek for indivisible)

HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE ATOMIC THEORY

1808

John Dalton1 Suggested that all matter was made up of tiny spheres that were able to bounce around with perfect elasticity and called them Atoms.

John Dalton, A New System of Chemical Philosophy, 1808; reprinted with an introduction by Alexander Joseph, Peter Owen Limited, London, 1965.

HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE ATOMIC THEORY

Daltons Atomic Theory

Elements are made of extremely small particles called atoms. Atoms of a given element are identical in size, mass, and other properties; atoms of different elements differ in size, mass, and other properties. Atoms cannot be subdivided, created, or destroyed. Atoms of different elements combine in simple whole-number ratios to form chemical compounds. In chemical reactions, atoms are combined, separated, or rearranged.

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HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE ATOMIC THEORY

1898

Joseph John Thompson Found from his cathode ray tube experiments that atoms could sometimes eject a far smaller negative particle which he called an electron.

The electrons came from the atoms making up the cathode.

HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE ATOMIC THEORY Joseph John Thompson Thomson found out that the electrons were the same regardless of the metal he used for the cathode. Therefore he concluded they were part of the structure of all atoms.

He calculated the ratio of their charge to their mass

Charge/mass = 1.76 x 1011 C/kg Robert Millikan determined the charge of the electron

Charge of electron, e = 1.602 x 10-19 C

Thomson calculated the mass of the electron to be Mass of electron, me = 9.109 x 10-31 kg

HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE ATOMIC THEORY

Thompson develops the idea that an atom was made up of electrons scattered unevenly within an elastic sphere surrounded by a soup of positive charge to balance the electron's charge like plums surrounded by pudding.

PLUM PUDDING MODEL

HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE ATOMIC THEORY

Ernest Rutherford, 1910 Oversaw Geiger and Marsden carrying out his famous experiment. They fired -particles (a type of naturally-occurring

radiation consisting of positively charged helium

atoms) at a piece of gold foil which was only a few atoms thick. They found that although most of them passed through. About 1 in 10,000 hit something and bounced right back.

HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE ATOMIC THEORY

helium nuclei gold foil

helium nuclei

They found that while most of the -particles passed through the foil, a small number were deflected and, to their surprise, some helium nuclei bounced straight back.

The Proton
In 1918, while Rutherford was performing his various experiments in the field of radioactivity, bombarding nitrogen gas with alpha particles, he noticed that one of the experimental results was a surge of hydrogen. He correctly deduced that the hydrogen atoms must have come from within the nitrogen atoms themselves, which would mean that there was something within all of these atoms which was divisible, the amount of which would determine what element the atom represented.

The proton
The particle Rutherford isolated was the proton, which by itself constitutes the nucleus of a single hydrogen atom, though in this case it was ionized (missing its electron, thereby giving it a net positive charge), which Rutherford determined by exposing the resulting hydrogen to magnetic fields.

HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE ATOMIC THEORY Rutherfords new evidence allowed him to propose a more

detailed model with a central

nucleus. He suggested that the positive charge was all in a central nucleus. With this holding the electrons in place by electrical attraction.

The Neutron
By James Chadwick in 1932. Last to be discovered due to its neutrality. Now the structure was complete (somewhat) See details of discovery in http://isaacmmcphee.suite101.com/thediscovery-of-the-neutron-a46060

Fundamental particles
Particle Proton (p) Neutron (n) Electron (e-) Charge (e) +1 Neutral -1 Mass (amu) 1 1 1/1836

1 atomic mass unit (amu) = 1.672621777(74)1027 kg

1 electric charge (e) = 1.602176565(35)1019 C

Nature of Electromagnetic radiation

HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE ATOMIC THEORY

Niels Bohr, 1913 Studied under Rutherford at the Victoria

University in Manchester. Bohr refined Rutherford's idea by adding

that the electrons were in orbits. Rather like planets orbiting the sun. With each orbit only able to contain a set number of electrons.

Bohrs Model
Nucleus Electron Orbit

Electron orbits
26

HELIUM ATOM
proton

Shell

+ electron
N

neutron

What do these particles consist of?

ATOMIC STRUCTURE

He

2 4

Atomic number = No of protons the number of protons in an atom

Atomic mass = protons + neutrons the number of protons and neutrons in an atom

number of electrons = number of protons

ATOMIC STRUCTURE
Electrons are arranged in Energy Levels or

Shells around the nucleus of an atom.

first shell second shell a maximum of 2 electrons a maximum of 8 electrons

third shell

a maximum of 8 electrons

ATOMIC STRUCTURE
There are two ways to represent the atomic
structure of an element or compound;

1.

Electronic Configuration

2.

Dot & Cross Diagrams

ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION
With electronic configuration elements are represented
numerically by the number of electrons in their shells and number of shells. For example;

Nitrogen
2 in 1st shell 5 in 2nd shell

configuration = 2 , 5 2

5 = 7

14

ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION
Write the electronic configuration for the following elements;
a)

Ca

20 40

b)

Na

11 23

c)

8 16

2,8,8,2
d)

2,8,1
e)

2,6
f)

Cl

17

35

Si

14

28

5 11

2,8,7

2,8,4

2,3

DOT & CROSS DIAGRAMS

With Dot & Cross diagrams elements and compounds

are represented by Dots or Crosses to show electrons,

and circles to show the shells. For example; X

Nitrogen

X X

X X

14

XX

DOT & CROSS DIAGRAMS

Draw the Dot & Cross diagrams for the following elements; X 8 17 X a) O b) Cl 35 X 16 X X X X X X X X X Cl X X X X X O X X X X X X X X X

SUMMARY
1. The Atomic Number of an atom = number of
protons in the nucleus.

2. The Atomic Mass of an atom = number of

Protons + Neutrons in the nucleus. 3. 4. The number of Protons = Number of Electrons. Electrons orbit the nucleus in shells.

5.

Each shell can only carry a set number of electrons.

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