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11
RACIAL AND ETHNIC INEQUALITY
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2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Chapter Outline
Minority, Racial, and Ethnic Groups Prejudice and Discrimination Studying Race and Ethnicity Patterns of Intergroup Relations Race and Ethnicity in the United States Social Policy and Race and Ethnicity: Global Immigration
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--This term indicates a group that is set apart from others because of obvious physical differences. Ethnic Groups --This term indicates a group that is set apart from others primarily because of its national origin or distinctive cultural patterns.
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Figure 10.1: Racial and Ethnic Groups in the United States, 1500-2100 (Projected) McGraw-Hill
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significantly less control or power than members of the dominant or majority group. Properties of a minority group include: unequal treatment distinguishing cultural characteristics involuntary membership solidarity in-group marriage
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--The term racial group refers to those minorities set apart from others by obvious physical differences. Biological Significance of Race --There are no pure races. --Migration, exploration, and invasion have led to intermingling of races.
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--This term refers to the process whereby people define a group as a race in part on physical characteristics and in part on historical, cultural, and economic factors. --The one drop rule: if a person had a single drop of Black blood, they were viewed as nonwhite.
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--A stereotype is an unreliable generalization about all members of a group that do not recognize individual differences within the group.
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national origin or distinctive cultural patterns. Ethnic groups in the United States include: Hispanic Americans Jewish Americans Irish Americans Italian Americans
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--Prejudice is a negative attitude toward an entire category of people, often an ethnic or racial minority. Ethnocentrism --Ethnocentrism is the tendency to assume that ones culture and way of life are superior to all others.
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--Discrimination is the denial of opportunities and equal rights to individuals and groups based on some type of arbitrary bias. --Discrimination persists even for educated and qualified minority members. --The glass ceiling is the invisible barrier blocking promotion of qualified individuals in a work environment because of gender, race, or ethnicity.
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results from the normal operations of a society. Institutional discrimination affects some racial and ethnic groups more than others.
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opportunities and equal rights to individuals and groups that results from normal societal operations.
Some examples are:
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group include: --Justification for maintaining an unequal society --Discouraging of subordinate groups from questioning their status
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--Racism keeps minorities in low-paying jobs and supplies the dominant group with a supply of cheap labor. --By forcing minorities to accept low wages, capitalists can restrict wages of all workers. --Workers from the dominant group wanting higher wages can be replaced by minorities who must accept lower wages.
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--Interracial contact between people of equal status in cooperative circumstances will cause them to become less prejudiced.
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entire people or nation. Expulsion: The forced removal of a people from a region or country. Ethnic Cleansing: Term originating with Serbian forces in 1991 in the newly independent states of Bosnia and Herzegovina. This forced expulsion of Croats and Muslims from the former Yugoslavia had elements of expulsion, torture, sexual abuse, and genocide.
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the early twentieth century; however, many people were not willing to have certain groups as part of the melting pot. The melting pot analogy, therefore, does not adequately describe dominant-subordinate relations existing in the United States.
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person forsakes his or her own cultural tradition to become part of a different culture. In general, a minority group member wants to conform to the standards of the dominant group.
As persons become more assimilated, they
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groups of people in terms of residence. Generally, a dominant group imposes segregation on a minority group. Examples include: apartheid in South Africa housing practices in parts of the United States
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various groups in a society for one anothers cultures. Pluralism allows a minority group to express its own culture and participate without prejudice in the larger society. Switzerland exemplifies a modern pluralistic state.
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EXPLUSION
SEGREGATION
ASSIMILATION
EXTERMINATION or genocide
SUCCESSION or partitioning
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--African Americans are currently the largest minority group in the United States. --Contemporary prejudice and discrimination patterns against African Americans are rooted in our history of slavery.
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Number of people indicating exactly one race, Black or African American, by county
50,000 to 1,406,000 10,000 to 49,999 5,000 to 9,999 1,000 to 4,999 100 to 999 0 to 99
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--Native Americans represent a diverse array of cultures. --Native Americans have a teen suicide rate four times the national average. --An increasing number of Americans are claiming identity as Native American.
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--Asian Americans comprise one of the fastest growing segments of the United States population. --Asian Americans include: Chinese, Japanese, Vietnamese and Korean Americans --Asian Americans are often held up as a model or ideal minority group.
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Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census. 2001. Mapping Census 2000: The Geography of U.S. Diversity. Series CENSR/01-1, p. 65. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. Also accessible at http://www. census.gov/population/www/cen2000/dt_atlas.html..
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--Hispanics are the largest ethnic minority in the United States. --Hispanics share Spanish language and culture, which can be problematic for assimilation in the U.S. --Hispanic Americans include: Mexican Americans, Puerto Ricans, Cuban Americans
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--Jewish Americans constitute 3 percent of the population. --Jewish Americans have high levels of education and professional training. --Jewish Americans, like other groups, face the problem of maintaining cultural heritage and the problem of assimilation.
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--White ethnics are people whose ancestors came from Europe in the last 100 years. --Predominant White ethnic groups include: German Americans, Irish Americans, Italian Americans, and Polish Americans.
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Table 10.1: Relative Economic Positions of Various Racial and Ethnic Groups, 2000 McGraw-Hill
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Figure 10.4 Major Asian American Groups in the United States, 2000 McGraw-Hill
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Figure 10.5 Major Hispanic Groups in the United States, 2000 McGraw-Hill
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Asian Indian Native Hawaiian Chinese Guamanian Filipino or Chamorro Japanese Samoan Korean Other Pacific Vietnamese Islander Other Asian Print race.
Some other race Print race
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Issue
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Setting
(Numbers in thousands. Philippines* 90-percent confidence India* intervals in parentheses for 2000 estimates. For Cuba* 1990, resident population. Vietnam* For 2000, civilian noninstitutional population El Salvador* plus Armed Forces living Korea off post or with their Dominican families on post)
Republic* Canada Germany
Soviet Union*
United Kingdom
7,841 (7,364-8,318) 4,298 1,391 (1,195-1,588) 921 1,222 (1,038-1,407) 913 1,007 (839-1,174) 450 952 (784-1,121) 737 863 (708-1,019) 543 2000 765 (614-916) 465 701 (561-841) 1990 568 692 (548-836) 348 678 (536-820) 745 653 (547-759) 712 624 (521-727) *Change from 1990 to 2000 is 334 statistically significant. 613 (511-716) 640
Countries of Birth and Foreign-Born Population with 500,000 or more in 2000: 1990 and 2000
Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census. 2001. The Population Profile of the United States: 2000. Figure 3-1. (Internet Release) accessed at http://www.census.gov/prod/2002pubs/p23-206.pdf.
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14.7
13.2 11.6
10.4
7.9
4.1 5.6 6.7 9.2 10.3 13.5 13.9 14.2 11.6 10.3 9.7 9.6 14.1 19.8 28.4 1850 1860 1870 1880 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
2.2
Foreign-Born Population and Percent of Total Population for the United States: 1850 to 2000
Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census. 2001. Figure 1-1 in Profile of the Foreign-Born Population. Current Population Reports P23-206. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. Also accessible at http://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/foreign/cps2000.html.
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0.6
1821- 1831- 1841- 1851- 1861- 1871- 1881- 1891- 1901- 1911- 1921-1931- 1941- 1951- 1961- 1971-1981- 19911830 1840 1850 1860 1870 1880 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 1998
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Insights
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Insights
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Initiatives
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