Professional Documents
Culture Documents
\
|
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
= =
I I
r
r
P
P
I
I
t
t
29 April 2014 Prepared By: Dr. Ahmed Amin 13
11.2 Transverse and Longitudinal Waves
A transverse wave is where the motions of the
particles are transverse (perpendicular) to the
direction of wave travel.
Transverse waves may occur on a string, on the
surface of a liquid and throughout a solid.
29 April 2014 Prepared By: Dr. Ahmed Amin 14
A ripple on a pond and a wave on a string are easily visualized transverse waves.
29 April 2014 15 Prepared By: Dr. Ahmed Amin
A longitudinal wave is where the motions of the particles are along the same direction
as the wave propagation.
A wave in a "slinky" is a good visualization.
Sound waves in air are longitudinal waves.
Rarefaction, a region of low
density
Compression, a region of high
density
Displacement
Velocity propagation
29 April 2014 Prepared By: Dr. Ahmed Amin 16
29 April 2014 17 Prepared By: Dr. Ahmed Amin
29 April 2014 Prepared By: Dr. Ahmed Amin 18
Both types of waves can move through solids. Only longitudinal waves can move
through a fluid. A transverse wave can move along the surface of a fluid.
29 April 2014 Prepared By: Dr. Ahmed Amin 19
29 April 2014 20 Prepared By: Dr. Ahmed Amin
11.3 Transverse Waves on a String
M
Attach a wave
driver here
L
Attach a mass to a string to provide tension. The string is then shaken at one end with a
frequency f.
29 April 2014 Prepared By: Dr. Ahmed Amin 21
A wave traveling on this string will have a speed of
F
v =
where F is the force applied to the string (tension) and is the mass/unit length of the
string (linear mass density).
L
m
=
29 April 2014 Prepared By: Dr. Ahmed Amin 22
29 April 2014 23 Prepared By: Dr. Ahmed Amin
A long piece of piano wire of radius 0.4 mm is made of steel of density
7.8 X 10
3
kg/m
3
The wire is under a tension of 1.0 X10
3
N. What is the speed of
transverse waves on this wire? What is the wavelength of a wave on this wire if its
frequency is 262 Hz?
SOLUTION: Consider a 1-m-long piece of this wire. The volume of this piece
is p X (0.4 X 10
-3
m)
2
X 1 m = 5.0 X 10
-7
m
3
and the mass is 5.0 X 10
-7
m
3
X
7.8 X 10
3
kg/m
3
= 3.9 X 10
-3
kg. Hence, the mass per unit length of the wire is
3.9 X 10
-3
kg/m. From Eq. (19), the wave speed is then
Consequently, the wavelength is
Example 1
29 April 2014 24 Prepared By: Dr. Ahmed Amin
A string is tied to a pole at one end and 100 g mass at the other, and wound over a
pulley. The strings mass is 100 g, and it is 2.5 m long. If the string is plucked, at what
speed do the waves travel along the string? How could you make the waves travel
faster? Assume the acceleration due to gravity is 10 m/s
2
.
The tension in the string is the force of gravity pulling down on the weight, T = mg =
(0.1 kg)(10 m/s2) = 1 N. The equation for calculating the speed of a wave on a string
is:
This equation suggests two ways to increase the speed of the waves: increase the tension
by hanging a heavier mass from the end of the string, or replace the string with one that
is less dense.
Example 2
Since the formula for the speed of a wave on a string is
expressed in terms of the mass density of the string, well need
to calculate the mass density before we can calculate the wave
speed.
Example (text problem 11.8): When the tension in a cord is 75.0 N, the wave speed is 140
m/s. What is the linear mass density of the cord?
F
v =
The speed of a wave on a string is
( )
kg/m 10 8 . 3
m/s 140
N 0 . 75
3
2 2
= = =
v
F
t t e 2 2
= = =
v
f
v
k
+ is used for a wave traveling in the x direction, and
is used for a wave traveling in the +x direction.
is called the wave number.
Note: it would also be valid to use the sine function in the above description.
( ) kx t e
is called the phase (radians).
29 April 2014 Prepared By: Dr. Ahmed Amin 40
The above picture is a snapshot (time is frozen). Two points on the wave are in phase if:
t
n x x
n kx kx
=
=
1 2
1 2
2
(n = 1, 2, 3,)
29 April 2014 Prepared By: Dr. Ahmed Amin 41
Example (text problem 11.21): A wave on a string has an equation:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) x t t x y rad/m 00 . 6 rad/sec 600 sin mm 00 . 4 ) , ( =
(a) What is the amplitude of the wave?
(b) What is the wavelength?
A = 4.00 mm
m 05 1
rad/m 00 6
2 2
.
. k
= = =
t t
\
|
= =
k
f f v
e
t
t
\
|
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
= =
Since the frequency is unchanged in both media:
29 April 2014 Prepared By: Dr. Ahmed Amin 64
X11.9 Interference and Diffraction
Two waves are considered coherent if they have the same frequency and maintain a fixed
phase relationship.
Two waves are considered incoherent if the phase relationship between them varies
randomly.
29 April 2014 Prepared By: Dr. Ahmed Amin 65
When waves are in phase, their superposition gives constructive interference.
When waves are one-half a cycle out of phase, their superposition gives destructive
interference.
29 April 2014 Prepared By: Dr. Ahmed Amin 66
When two waves travel different distances
to reach the same point, the phase
difference is determined by:
t 2
difference phase
2 1
=
d d
difference path
2 1
=
d d
29 April 2014 Prepared By: Dr. Ahmed Amin 67
Diffraction is the spreading of a wave around an obstacle in its path.
29 April 2014 Prepared By: Dr. Ahmed Amin 68
11.10 Standing Waves
Pluck a stretched string such that y(x,t) = A
sin(et + kx)
When the wave strikes the wall, there will be a reflected wave that travels back along the
string.
29 April 2014 Prepared By: Dr. Ahmed Amin 69
The reflected wave will be 180 out of phase with the wave incident on the wall. Its form
is y(x,t) = A sin (et kx).
Apply the superposition principle to the two waves on the string:
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) kx t A
kx t kx t A
t x y t x y t x y
sin cos 2
sin sin
) , ( ) , ( ) , (
2 1
e
e e
=
+ =
+ =
29 April 2014 Prepared By: Dr. Ahmed Amin 70
The previous expression is the mathematical form of a standing wave.
N
N
N
N
A
A
A
A node (N) is a point of zero oscillation. An antinode (A) is a point of maximum
displacement. All points between nodes oscillate up and down.
29 April 2014 Prepared By: Dr. Ahmed Amin 71
The nodes occur where y(x,t) = 0.
( ) 0 sin cos 2 , = = kx t A t x y e
The nodes are found from the locations where sin kx = 0, which happens when kx = 0, t,
2t,. That is when kx = nt where n = 0,1,2,
The antinodes occur when sin kx = 1; that is where
( )
, , , n
n
kx
kx
2 1 0 and
2
1 2
,
2
3
,
2
=
+
=
=
t
t t
29 April 2014 Prepared By: Dr. Ahmed Amin 72
If the string has a length L, and both ends are fixed, then y(x = 0, t) = 0 and y(x = L, t) =
0.
( ) ( )
( )
n
L
n L
n kL
kL t L x y
k t x y
2
2
0 sin ,
0 0 sin , 0
=
=
=
= =
= =
t
t
The wavelength of a standing
wave:
where n = 1, 2, 3,
29 April 2014 Prepared By: Dr. Ahmed Amin 73
n
L
n
2
=
These are the permitted wavelengths of standing waves on a string; no
others are allowed.
The speed of the wave is:
n n
f v =
The allowed frequencies are then:
L
nv v
f
n
n
2
= =
n =1, 2, 3,
29 April 2014 Prepared By: Dr. Ahmed Amin 74
The n = 1 frequency is called the fundamental frequency.
1
2 2
nf
L
v
n
L
nv v
f
n
n
=
|
.
|
\
|
= = =
= =
= = =
.
. .
L f
F
f
F
v
F
F
v =
For a wave on a string:
Solving for the linear mass density:
29 April 2014 Prepared By: Dr. Ahmed Amin 76
Summary
Intensity
Wave Properties (f, , v, amplitude)
Transverse vs. Longitudinal Waves
Mathematical Description of a Wave
Reflection, Refraction, Interference, and Diffraction
Superposition of Waves
Standing Waves on a String
29 April 2014 Prepared By: Dr. Ahmed Amin 77
QUESTIONS ?
29 April 2014 Prepared By: Dr. Ahmed Amin 78