SPREAD SPECTRUM MODULATION

Pseudonoise Sequences Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum Signal space dimensionality and Processing gain Probability of error Frequency hop spread spectrum Applications

Definition of Spread Spectrum

Spread spectrum is a modulation method applied to digitally modulated signals that increases the transmit signal bandwidth to a value much larger than is needed to transmit the underlying information bits.

Spread Spectrum Signal Characteristics :

They are difficult to intercept for unauthorized person. 2. They are easily hidden, it is difficult to even detect their presence in many cases. 3. They are resistant to jamming. 4. They have an asynchronous multipleaccess capability. 5. They provide a measure of immunity to distortion due to multipath propagation
1.

Spread Spectrum Conditions

The signal occupies a bandwidth much larger than is needed for the information signal. The spread spectrum modulation is done using a spreading code, which is independent of the data in the signal. Despreading at the receiver is done by correlating the received signal with a synchronized copy of the spreading code.

Pseudo-Noise Sequence

A pseudo-noise ( PN ) sequence is a periodic binary sequence with a noise like waveform that is usually generated by a means of a feed back shift register. It consists of a shift register made up of m flip-flops and a logic circuit to form a multiloop feedback circuit. The maximam-length sequence represents a commonly used periodic PN sequence.

Feedback shift register

x1

x2

x3 O/P

+ Fig : Maximum-length sequence

generator It is periodic with a period of N= 2 - 1 m- length of the shift register
m

m 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 17 19

N 127 255 511 1023 2047 4095 8191 131071 524287

Properties of the PN sequences :

Balance property : In each period of a maximum-length sequence, the number of 1s is always one more than the number of 0s. Run property: Among the runs of 1s and 0s in each period of a maximum-length sequence, runs of each kind are of length 1, are of length 2, 1/8 are of length 3, and so on as long as these fractions represent meaningful numbers of runs. Correlation property: The autocorrelation function of a maximum-length sequence is periodic and binary valued.

k=lN k=lN

The autocorrelation function of a bipolar waveform three-stage pseudo noise generator

Spread Spectrum Techniques

There are several forms of spread Spectrums :

1. Direct sequence spread spectrum (DS/SS) 2. Frequency hopping spread spectrum (FH/SS)

Direct sequence spread spectrum

SS modulation can provide protection against externally generated interfering (jammingbroadband noise/multitone waveform) signals with finite power. Purposely making the information bearing signal occupy a bandwidth far in excess bandwidth require to transmit it. Noise-like apperance The transmitted signal is thus enabled to propagate through the channel undetected by anyone who may be litening. Therefore SS as a method of camouflaging the information bearing signal.

Idealized model of baseband spreadspectrum system

b(t) Data seq

x
(a) Transmitter

m(t)=c(t) b(t) modulator

c(t) PN seq is wideband

By multiplying the information-bearing signal b(t) the spreading code c(t), each information bit is chopped up into a number of small time increments. These small time increments are referred to as chips.

m(t) Modulated signal

r(t) = m(t) + i(t) = c(t)b(t) + i(t)

i(t) interference (b) Channel

The waveforms in the transmitter

Demodulator: r(t) z(t) rxed s/l c(t)

Base band (Low pass) filter

o/p

z(t)=c(t)r(t) = c(t)c(t)b(t)+c(t)i(t) ; c(t)c(t)=1 for all t z(t) =b(t) + c(t)i(t) ; b(t) NB & c(t)i(t)-WB Use of LPF z(t) = b(t) Pay for the improved protection against interference is increased transmission bandwidth, system complexity and processing gain. Here, our primary concern is the security of transmission.

The waveforms in the receiver

Direct sequence spread coherent binary phase shift keying

To provide DSSS over a baseband channel, coherent binary phase shift keying (psk) is added into the transmitter and receiver. Transmitter two stages (modulator & binary PSK modulator) The transmitted signal x(t) is DS/BPSK signal. The phase modulation (t) of x(t)

Polarity of data seq b(t) at time t + Polarity of PN seq c(t) at time t + 0 0

The channel output given by: y(t) = x(t) + j(t) = c(t) s(t)+ j(t) The Coherent detector input u(t) : u(t) =c(t) y(t) = s(t)+ c(t) j(t) where for all t

Signal space dimentionality and Processing gain It is based on the signal space approach.

Signal space representations of the transmitted signal and the interfering signal (jammer). Consider a set of orthonormal basis functions,

----- 1 ------ 2
K=0,1..,N-1. -chip duration, N- number of chips per bit

The transmitted signal x(t) for the interval of an information bit,

X(t) = c(t)s(t) = c(t) cos(2t)

-signal energy per bit, + -> 1, - -> 0 the code seq denotes the PN seq +/- 1 N-D req N orthonormal functions

--------- 3

The jammer, j(t) = 4

Where, = (t) dt

------- 5 k = 0,1,.., N 1 ----- 6

j(t) is 2N-D The avg power of the interference j(t), ------- 7 Lack of knowledge of signal phase, the jammer can only place equal energy in the cosine and sine coordinates ------------ 8 rewrite eqn 4 , The coherent detector output is, ------------ 10 ----------- 11

Where,

------ 12 ------ 13

The despread binary PSK signal s(t),

---- 14
Plus sign 1 & minus sign 0. Assuming

------- 15
The component due to interference,

------- 16
using eqn 1 and eqn 5

-------- 17

Approximate the PN seq Where & are RVs The probability of the event = + or 1 equals

------ 18

------ 19 The mean of the RV is zero since, for fixed k, ------ 20 For a fixed vector j, the variance of is given by, ------ 21 Since the spread factor , the variance in terms of the avg Interference power J as ------ 22 The output signal-to-noise ratio, An input signal-to-noise ratio, ------ 23 ------ 24

The output signal-to-noise ration in terms of the input signal-tonoise ratio, ------- 25 The signal-to-noise ratio in decibles, ------ 26 Where,
PG=

The processing gain in another way, 1. The bit rate of the binary data entering the transmitter input is given by ------- 27 2. The bandwidth of the PN seq c(t), defined in terms of the main lobe of its spectrum -----28
PG=

The processing gain

------ 29

Probability of error

Let the coherent detector output v and noise component the sample value of a random variable V and

are

------- 1
The decision rule used by the coherent detector is to declare that the received bit in an interval (0, ) is 1 or 0. With both information bits assumed equally likely, the average probability of error is same as the conditional probability of the receiver making a decision in favor of symbol 1, given that symbol 0 was sent. = --------- 2 is the sum of N identically distributed random variables. According to the central limit theorem, for large N, the random variable assumes a Gaussian variable with zero mean and variance , where J is the average interference power and is the chip duration. The average probability of error, ) ------- 3

is appropirate for DS/BPSK binary systems with large spread factor N.

Antijam characteristics:

The average probability of error for a coherent binary PSK system reproduced -------4 The calculation of bit error rate in a direct-sequence spread binary PSK system, the interference may be treated as wideband noise of power spectral density -------- 5 , where P is the average signal power

The bit energy and is the bit duration. The bit energy-to-noise density ratio --------- 6
The jamming margin, The jamming margin in terms of decibels,

FHSS

The wide bandwidth is divided into narrow sub-bands or channels The message signal is hopped from one channel to another. At the transmitter, the modulated message signal is transmitter at a transmit frequency determined by certain hopping algorithm.

FHSS Example

PN sequence generator

A PN sequence generator generates a periodic PN sequence based on a hopping algorithm. The generated PN sequence is fed to a frequency synthesizer, which then determines the frequency channel at which to transmit the message frame. m bit PN generator identifies 2m -1 possible frequencies.

FHSS Receiver

At the receiver there is an identical PN generator synchronized with the received signal. Receiver therefore knows which at frequency current frame will be transmitted.

Thus enabling correct detection and demodulation of the received signal.

FHSS block diagram (transmitter)

FHSS block diagram (receiver)

Fast and Slow FHSS

Two types of FHSS, Fast and Slow If the hopping rate > message symbol rate, it is fast FHSS If message symbol rate hopping rate, it is slow FHSS fast FHSS gives improved performance in noise (or jamming)

Fast and Slow FHSS

Example: Slow FHSS with M =4 and m = 2

Fast and Slow FHSS

Example: Fast FHSS with M =4 and m = 2

Applications
Code division multiple access Multipath suppression