Vibration

A BIT OF VIBRATION

TECHNICAL ANALYSIS DIAGNOSIS SOLUTION FOUND

Vibration Measurement -- Displacement. -- Velocity. -- Acceleration.

Uses

-- Displacement , Slow speed machines, f<10hz, (visible)

-- Velocity , Medium speed machines, f= 10Hz - 1000Hz, (feel) -- Acceleration , High speed machines, f>10,000Hz, (neither) Units -- Displacement = Mils, Peak to Peak -- Velocity = ins/sec, rms. -- Acceleration = g rms = a/root 2 or (2a)/root2

Vibration

Sine(wt)
1.5

amplitude

Frequency = 1/T Hz
2a
)

0.5

a
0 1 6 21 36 11 16 26 31 41

46

51

56

61

66

71

76

81

86

91

96

-0.5

101

sine(wt)

Amplitude = a

-1

Peak to Peak = 2a
time

-1.5

Measurement Units
SINUSODIAL MOTION PEAK PEAK TO PEAK

UPPER LIMIT NEUTRAL POSITION RMS LOWER LIMIT

MULTIPLY NUMBER OF

AVG

TO OBTAIN

BY

PEAKTOPEAK

PEAK

RMS

AVG

PEAK -TO- PEAK PEAK RMS AVERAGE

1.000
0.500 0.354 0.318

2.000
1.000 0.707 0.636

2.828
1.414 1.000 0.900

3.142 1.571 1.111 1.000

Vibration
1.5

Sum of sine(wt) and 0.5*sine(2wt)

0.5

13

17

21

25

29

33

37

41

45

49

53

57

61

65

69

73

77

81

85

89

93

97

-0.5

-1

-1.5

time COMPLEX PERIODIC VIBRATION(comprising two sine waves)

1.5 1

Amplitude

0.5

101

Summing the 2 vibrations is simply the arithmetic addition of the 2 individual Sine waves at any point

amplitude

sin(wt)
0

0.5*sin(2wt)
0 20 40 60 80 100 120

sin(wt)+0.5*sin(2wt)
-0.5

-1

-1.5

Time axis

Vibratio n Frequency analysis is the cornerstone of Machine Diagnostics

FREQUENCY ANALYSIS OF COMPOSITE SINE WAVE
1.2

APLITUDE a

0.8

0.6

SPECTRAL VALUES

0.4

0.2

NON DIMENSIONAL FREQUENCY

Vibration Common causes

1 x rpm balance. bent shaft.

2x rpm

Out of

Misalignment. Mechanical looseness. Hydraulic. Damaged rolling element.

Imp Blade number x rpm High freq.

Vibration : Causes Primary:Secondary:Causes Unbalance / Hydraulic Forces / Misalignment Bent Shaft / Broken Blades / Bearing damage / Erosion / Eccentricity / Bad assembly / Looseness Cavitation UNBALANCE this is important to pumps but not as critical as with
turbines, motors, fans etc. The main thing is to get the way in which the rotor is balanced correct, then acceptable vibration follows as a matter of course. Generally for pumps unbalance will only be important at or near full design flow.).

HYDRAULIC FORCES these are usually more important than

unbalance, particularly at low flow.

SHAFT DEFFECT DIAGNOSED FROM OSCILLOGRAPH DISPLAYS BY MEANS OF PROXIMITY SENSORS Malfunction Misalignment Time base X-Y Plot Diagnosis
Typical or severe misalignment

Oil Whirl

Appearance similar to unbalance Distinction: whirl frequency is slow: < 0.5 shaft speed
Contactproducesspike superimposed on normal shaft orbit

Rub Unbalanced or bent shaft

Oval XY Display

2. Changes made :6% Z x N = TIP PASSING ZxN RADIAL GAP : 1% 1. Increase IMP./DIFF.clearance Change to tilt- Pad Brg. Re-align pump & Driver Proper Dynamic balancing 2 x N = DYN. MISALIGNED 1.0 3.0 2.0 Rotor vibration frequency/machine speed (cps/rps .46 x N .54 x N 0 Oil whip; Rubbing; Resonance 0.5 1 x N = DYN. UNBAL.

0. Shaft vibration Amplitudes - mils 3.

2.

1.

0.

Multistage boiler feed pump shaft vibration history. Shaft vibration before failure, and after proper modifications were introduced.

Vibration Trouble-Shooting Chart (B)

N a tu r eo f fa u lt F r e q u e n c y O fD o m in a n t D ir e c tio n V ib r a tio n(H Z= r p m /6 0 S h a ft c ritic a ls p e e d T o o thm e s h in gfre q u e n c ie s(s h a ft rp mx n u m b e ro f te e th )a n d h a rm o n ic s 2xrp m R e m a r k s

H y s te r e s isW h ir l

V ib ra tio n se x c ite dw h e np a s s in gth ro u g hc ritic a ls h a ft s p e e da re P rim a rily m a in ta in e da t ah ig h e rs h a ft s p e e d s .C a ns o m e tim e sb ec u re db y R a d ia l c h e c k in gtig h tn e s so f ro to rc o m p o n e n ts . R a d ia l & A x ia l S id e -b a n d sa ro u n dto o thm e s h in gfre q u e n c ie sin d ic a tem o d u la tio n (e .g .e c c e n tric ity )a t fre q u e n c yc o rre s p o n d in gtos id e -b a n d s p a c in g s .N o rm a llyo n lyd e te c ta b lew ithv e ryn a rro w -b a n da n a ly s is a n dc e p s tru m . A ls os u b -a n din te rh a rm o n ic s ,a sfo r lo o s ejo u rn a lb e a rin g s

D a m a g e do r w o r ng e a r s M e c h a n ic a l lo o s n e s s

F a u ltyb e lt d r iv e U n b a la n c e d R e c ip r o c a tin g F o r c e s a n dc o u p le s In c r e a s e d T u r b u la n c e E le c tr ic a lly In d u c e d V ib r a tio n s

1 ,2 ,3 ,4 , xrp mo fb e lt 1xrp ma n d /o r m u ltip le sfo rh ig h e r o rd e ru n b a la n c e B la d e&v a n ep a s s s in g fre q u e n c ie sa n d h a rm o n ic s . 1xrp mo r 1o r 2tim e s s y n c h ro n o u sfre q u e n c y

R a d ia l

T h ep re c is ep ro b le mc a nu s u a llyb eid e n tifie dv is u a llyw ithth eh e lp o f as tro b o s c o p e .

P rim a rily R a d ia l R a d ia l & A x ia l R a d ia l & A x ia l

In c re a s in gle v e lsin d ic a tein c re a s in gtu rb u le n c e .

S h o u ldd is a p p e a rw h e ntu rn in go ff th ep o w e r.

Vibration Trouble-Shooting Chart (A)

N atu re o f fau lt F req u en cy O fD o m in an t V ib ratio n (H Z = rp m /60 1 x rpm U sually 1 x rpm O ften 2 x rpm S om etim es 3 74 x rpm Im p act rates for the individual bearing com p on ent D am ag ed ro llin g elem en tB e arin g s (b all, R o ller,etc.) D irectio n R em arks

R o tatin gm em b ers o u to fb alan ce

R adial

A co m m on cause o f excess vibration in m achin ery

M isalig n m en t& b en t sh aft

R adial & A xial

A co m m on fault
Unevenvibrationlevelsoftenwithshocks.*Impact-Rates :
Contact angle Ball Dia (BD) Impact Rates 1 (Hz) For outer Race Defect f(Hz) = n fr ( 1 BD Cos) 2 For PD Inner Race Defect f(Hz) = n fr ( 1 + BD Cos) 2 PD For ball Defect f(Hz) = BD fr [ 1 - BD Cos) ] PD PD

A lso variations at freq ue ncies (2 to 60 kH Z ) often relate d to radial reson ance in be aring s.

Pitch Dia (PD)

N = number of balls or rollers f = relative rev./s between inner & outer races

Jo u rn al B e arin g s L o o se in h o u sin g O il F ilmW h irl o r W h ip in jo u rn al B earin g s

S ub-h arm o nics o f sha ft rp m , exactly or 1/3 x rpm S lig htly less than sha ft spe ed (4 2%to 48% )

P rim arily R adial P rim arily R adial

S hould disa ppe ar w hen turning o ff the pow er.

Vibration Acceptance Limits

Pump running speed (Hz) 10 600 4 2 100 8 6 4 2 10 8 6 4 4 6 8 1000 2 4 6 8 10,0002 4 20 15 10 8 6 5 4 3 2 1.5 1 0.8 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.15 0.1 Mils 2 3 4 5 6 8 100 2 3 4 5 600 Transverse Vibration amplitude at bearing housing 26 (peak to peak)

Microns

Limitations shown applicable to the maximum of horizontal and vertical vibration amplitudes as measured at pump shaft rotational frequency.

Pump running speed (R.P.M.)

Weir Services Division

Excellent Engineering Solutions

Section 6 Vibration