AERODYNAMIC DESIGN

HIGH SPEED SUBSONIC BUSINESS JET

What is a Business Jet?

Business jets are turbojet aircrafts weighing less than 100,000 pounds maximum gross Takeoff weight, with wingspans less than 100 feet that are used by companies to conduct their business [GAO (Government Accountability Office USA), August 2007].

Motivation for the topic

In todays corporate world long unexpected intercontinental flights are unavoidable. Though a luxury high speed private jets like ours are the only solution. It can also be used by sports persons, cases of medical emergencies etc

Mission Requirements
Intercontinental(long range) lightweight medium sized Business Jet

High comfort of passengers

Technical Specification
10 passengers(executive arrangements) 4 crew (Pilot, Co-Pilot and 2 flight attendants) Cruise Range 11000km Cruise Mach no : 0.9

Mission Profile

First Weight Estimate

Second Weight Estimate

Third Weight Estimation

Criteria Maximum CL/CD Maximum CL Maximum stall angle Minimum drag Minimum moment coefficient

Suitable airfoils NACA 64(3)-618 NACA 64(4)-421 NACA 63(4)-421 NACA m9

NACA 64(3)-618

High Maximum lift coefficient Very low drag over the range of operating conditions Optimized for high speed

GEOMETRY

FUSELAGE DESIGN

FUSELAGE

WIDTH = 2.4 m 2 seats abreast 0.7 m executive seat 0.8 m aisle width 0.2 m pressure cabin structure

LENGTH = 27 m Empirical relation Coefficients from plots

WING GEOMETRY

Aspect Ratio = 7.5

Wing Area (93.7 m2) From gross weight and wing loading

Wing span(26.51 m) using wing area and AR

Taper Ratio (0.2) to be efficient reduction in root bending moment decrease the structural weight

Sweep Angle(34o) To delay Drag Divergence

Root chord length = 5.89 m Tip chord length = 1.178 m

TAIL GEOMETRY

The T-tail configuration

This is mainly to avoid the interference of the flow from aft mounted engine interfering with the tail.

Horizontal Tail
Volume Coefficient Aspect Ratio Area Span Root chord length Tip chord length 0.95 5 25.8 11.38 3.03 1.517

Vertical Tail
Volume Coefficient Aspect Ratio Area 0.0855 1.2 17.48

Span

4.58

Root chord length

4.08

Tip chord length

3.616

CONTROL SURFACES
AILERON span =10.604 chord length =0.7068 RUDDER span =4.12 chord length =1.335 ELEVATOR span =10.24 chord length =0.796

STRUCTURAL LAYOUT
3D DIAGRAMS

Front View

Top View

Side View

Power Plant Selection

Engine Sizing
Criteria T/W = 0.269
Take-off

W = 27094.28 kg Max Thrust = (36099.89 * 2) N

O req

Aircraft Cessna Citation X

Powerplant Rolls-Royce AE 3007

Maximum Thrust 30 KN

Bypass ratio 4

Gulfstream G550

Rolls-Royce RB.183 Tay Snecma Silvercrest

62.8 KN

3.04

Citation longitude

49 KN

5.9

Dassault Falcon 200lx

Pratt & Whitney Canada PW308C

28.6 KN

4.2

Bombardier Challenger 850

General Electric CF343B1 turbofans

42 KN

Engine Sizing

After Sizing Length = 2.44m Max Diameter = 1.11m Dry Weight = 626.8 kg

Inlet
Pitot inlet is used taking advantage of the transonic flow-->RAM EFFECT Vanes are provided at inlet to induce a vorticity which helps in compression Inner lip radius is greater than outer lip radius, useful for high angles of attack and sideslip The capture area was found to be 0.3 m^2

Drag Polar
Equivalent Skin Friction method Cd0 using wetted area e using sweep angle and aspect ratio Component Build up method component form factor component interference factor

Induced Drag Leading edge- suction method

Drag Polar

Trim Analysis
Trim -> Obtained from equilibrium equations for forces and moments.

The trim obtained is subjected to stability analysis

Stability Analysis
The trim is subjected to small perturbation analysis and the constraints for CG wrt Neutral Point is obtained (SM--Static Margin) The most aft location of CG is found to be 14.64m corresponding to a SM of 0.23 .This also determines the maximum elevator deflection.

CG Estimation

CG calculations
Approximate Group Method Xcg = 15.86 m Zcg = 2.35 m Statistical Group Method Xcg = 14.32 m Zcg = 2.5 m

Landing Gear - Tricycle/Nosewheel

Stable design Less demanding on the pilot Small angle of attack Better visibility over the nose

FLAPS - SLOTTED FOWLER TYPE

Increased chord length Slot to delay flow separation

Difficulties faced in Design

Suggestions for improvement

Winglets
Noise Reduction Nozzle redesign

Fuel Tank

Are the design requirements met?

Flight Performance
Thrust Required at cruise Vmin (Tr) Min Thrust required at cruise 10.38 kN 238.93m/s 10.152 kN

Vmin(Pr)
Minimum Power Required at Cruise Max Range Sustained Turn Rate Take Off distance Total Landing Distance

181.55m/s
2.13 MW 13461 km 3.51o/sec 533.56m/s 842.754m

Flight Performance

Long Range 11,000 km Medium Size Compact Geometry

Light weight 27,094 kg Comfort