Third Generation (3G) Mobile Services

Ref.: 1.Chap. 5: Wireless Networks By P. Nicopolitidis, M.S. Obaidat, et al, Ed.2003 2. Chap.4: Mobile communications, By J.Shiller, II Ed. 2003 3. Chap.4,6,7,8: 3G wireless networks, By C.Smith, D.Collins, II Ed. 2007

1Gb/s

Data rate

GPRS, GSM
WiMAX Wi-Fi Bluetooth
RFID

Wireless Network Classification

USA

Europe

WWAN
USA

Japan

WLAN

China

*
4G 5G WMAN

*ITU redefined in Dec.,2010 that LTE, HSPA+, Mobile WiMAX referred as 4G

Wireless Evolution 1990-2010

Peak Data Rate

 Introduction
* * * * 3G IMT-2000: CDMA-2000 UMTS: WCDMA TD-CDMA TD-SCDMA QoS 3.5G

Third Generation (3G) System

Objective is to provide fairly high speed wireless communication to support data and video in addition to voice Person should be able to talk to any one else in the world with a PSTN quality (Global Roaming) Persons can download and watch a movie Can download & listen to music, surf Internet, or play games (Multimedia services) Can have video-conference Portable devices always-connected to Internet. One need not to dial a no. to connect to the Internet

 3G concept started in 1992 by ITU called Internet Mobile Telecommunication in a year 2000 (IMT2000) * * * IMT- 2000 named because 3G system available in 2000, operates at 2000MHz frequency, with data rate of 2000kb/s

 * * *

Data rate of 144kb/s for access in a moving car, 384kb/s for access as the user walks (Pedestrians) 2Mb/s for the stationary user (office or home)

Supports both packet-switched & circuit-switched data services

 Five alternatives for smooth evaluation from 2G systems 1. ETSI (European Telecom Standard Institute) developed a UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecom System) includes Wideband-CDMA (W-CDMA) with 5MHz BW 2. Other European UMTS is known as IMT-TC or TD-CDMA. This approach is a combination of W-CDMA & TDMA technology, intend to provide upgrade path of GSM system (IMT-2000)

IMT-2000 Terrestrial Radio Interfaces

 3. CDMA-2000 is USA origin, uses multi-carrier (MC-CDMA) with narrowband 1.25MHz BW like CDMA (IS-95) 4. IMT-SC single carrier designed for TDMA only network (TDD) 5. IMT-FT frequency time uses FDMA & TDMA. It is out growth of DECT (Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecom) standard

 3GPP: 3GPP (3G Partnership project) standardized GSM based system (W-CDMA)

3GPP2 standardized CDMA based system (CDMA2000)

 Nokia & Ericsson backed W-CDMA while US vendors including Qualcom & Lucent backed CDMA-2000
The frequency for IMT-2000 allocated were 1885-2025MHz and 2110-2200MHz. IMT-2000 was operational in 2002 at Japan, Norway, Finland, Sweden, Korea, USA

Radio Transmission Technology

2G

IS-95

GSM-

IS-136 & PDC

GPRS 2.5G IS-95B

HSCSD

EDGE

Cdma2000-1xRTT 3G Cdma2000-1xEV,DV,DO Cdma2000-3xRTT 3GPP2

W-CDMA

EDGE
TD-SCDMA 3GPP
16

 CDMA-2000
In 2G system IS-95 known as CDMAone is based on CDMA technology. 3G CDMA base systems will require software and minor hardware changes to the existing CDMAone USA offers 3G services by deploying an overlay of CDMA2000 and IS-95 in the same spectrum CDMA2000 is a Multi carrier (MC)-CDMA in which single 5MHz band can accommodate 3 adjacent carriers (3X1.25) with guard bands both sides

CDMA2000

WCDMA

3G CDMA

 1X uses 1.25MHz carrier while 3X will use 3.75MHz (3X 1.25MHz)

The 6X, 9X and 12 X mode will be standardized in future

1X doubles the voice quality of CDMAone and provides data rate of 144kb/s by using 128 Walsh code instead of 64. 3X uses 256 Walsh code for higher data rate

 This performance is obtained by enhancement of CDMA2000 PHY and MAC layer For High data rate (HDR) 16-QAM (Quadrature Amplitude Modulation) is used instead of QPSK, thus offering 621 kb/s data rate In case of large interferences 8-PSK or QPSK is used which is more robust than 16-QAM but reduces the data rate 3X also known as IS-2000-A is an enhancement of 1X and uses 3 CDMAone carriers for a total BW of 3.75MHz (3X1.25) and chip rate of 3.6864Mcps (3X1.2288). It can support data rates up to 2Mb/s

 CDMA2000 upgrades CDMAone by modifying BTS with multimode channel elements cards, BSC with IP routing capabilities and introducing the Packet data server network (PDSN) Fig.

PDSN is essential element in the treatment of packet data services Purpose of PDSN is to support packet data services

 PDSN performs following functions: * Establishes, maintains, and terminates Point-toPoint protocol (PPP) sessions with the subscriber * Establishes, maintains, and terminates the logical links to the radio network * Initiates Authentication, Authorization, and Accounting (AAA) for the mobile client from the AAA server * Routes packets to- and from the external packet data networks (PDN) The overall capacity of PDSN is determined by both throughput and no. of PPP (Point-to-Point) sessions that are being served AAA server provides Authentication, Authorization, and Accounting functions for the packet data network associated with CDMA 2000

 The PDSN provide several key packet-data services, including simple IP, and Mobile IP Simple IP is a packet-data service relative to CDMA2000 1X. Subs is assigned a Dynamic host configuration protocol (DHCP) address from the serving PDSN with its routing service provided by the local network The specific IP address that the subs is assigned retains with the subs as long as it is served by the same radio network that maintains connectivity with the PDSN that issued the IP address It is important to note that simple IP does not provide for mobile termination and hence is an origination-based service only ie a PPP service using the DHCP

 Simple IP is similar to the dial-up Internet connections used by many people over standard landline facilities A PPP session is established between the mobile unit (MS) and the PDSN. The PDSN routes packets to- and from the MS in order to provide end-to-end connectivity between the MS and the Internet and the PDSN. Fig. presents a diagram depicting Simple IP During Simple IP, MS must be connected to the same PDSN for the duration of the packet session. If the MS moves to another PDSN, the Simple IP connection is lost and needs to be reestablished. MS must negotiate for a new IP address from the new PDSN

BSC
MS BTS PPP

PDSN

Internet

Server

IP

Simple IP

 To explain Simple IP process, a call flow or packet-session flow chart is given in Fig. The VLR is normally collocated with the MSC. When a subs initiates a packet-data session, the BSC via the MSC/VLR checks the subs subscription prior to the system granting the service request to the mobile subs. This will take place prior to the PDSN being involved with the packet session In Mobile IP, the mobile unit (MS) is assigned a static IP address that resides with the HA. It can handoff between different radio networks that are served via different PDSNs, which resolves the roaming issues

MS

BTS/BSC

MSC/VLR

VLR

PDSN

AAA

Access Procedure

Validation MS MS Validated Start PPP PPP Established Authentication Request Authentication response AAA A/C Start

Packet Session

End Session

End Packet Session AAA A/C Stop

Simple IP Flow chart

 Mobile IP allows the mobile node to use two addresses. These IP addresses are called home address and care-of address. The home address is static and is known to everybody as the identity of the host. The care of address changes at each new point of attachment and can be thought of as mobile nodes location specific address
The network node that is responsible for forwarding and managing this transparency is known as the home agent

 Whenever the mobile node moves, it registers its new care-of address (provided by Foreign agent) with its home agent. The home agent forwards the packet to the foreign network using the care-of address. The home agent encapsulates the original IP datagram into a new IP datagram with care-of address in the header and retransmit the datagram. This phenomenon is called tunneling Let us consider an example of IP datagram being exchanged over a TCP connection between mobile node A and server X

 Server X wants to transmit an IP datagram to node A. The home address of A is advertised and is known to X. X sends packet to A with As home address as the destination IP address in the IP header (1) At the As home network, the incoming IP datagram is intercepted by the home Agent. Home agent finds that A is in a foreign network Care-of address has been allocated to mobile node A by a foreign network and is available with the home agent. The home agent encapsulate the entire datagram with a care-of address in the IP header. The new IP datagram with the care-of address as the destination address is retransmitted by home agent (2)

 At the foreign network, the new IP datagram is intercepted by the foreign agent. The foreign agent is counterpart of the home agent in the foreign network. The foreign agent strips off the care-of address and delivers the original datagram to A(3) A tends to respond to this message and sends packet to X. Here X is not mobile hence has a fixed IP address. A sends IP datagram to a router on the foreign network for routing to X (4). Typically this router is the foreign agent. A uses Xs IP static address as the destination address (5)

CDMA2000 -1xRTT:
One carrier CDMA2000 Radio Transmission Technology (RTT) 1x represents 1 times the frequency BW Modulation scheme uses BPSK & QPSK The peak data rate for DL is 621kb/s and 153.6kb/s for UL The average data rate across cell area varies from 60 to 100kb/s depending on distance of the MS from BS

CDMA2000 1xEVDO:
Single RF carrier Evolution (to 3G) to Data Only The channel BW is 1.25MHz with chip rate 1.2288Mc/s Improved code rates & higher order modulation (BPSK to 16-QAM) for large packets provide high spectral efficiency (b/s/Hz) The DL peak data rate is 2.4Mb/s and UL peak data rate is 153.6kb/s MS performs channel quality measurement and reports the index out of 12 configuration which in turn transmits requested configuration

CDMA2000 1xEVDV:
Single RF carrier Evolution to Data and Voice The BW, chip rate, modulation techniques are same as that of 1xEVDO EVDV integrates voice & data on the same carrier and uses soft handoff for voice & cell selection for data The peak data rate in DL is 3.1Mb/s and 1.8Mb/s in UL both higher than EVDO Modulation & coding chosen from one of the 504 available configuration for each transmission based on the amount of data to be transmitted and channel condition

CDMA2000 evolution to 3G
IS-95B Uses multiple code channels Data rates up to 64kbps Many operators gone direct to 1xRTT CDMA2000 1xEV-DO: Evolved Data Optimised Third phase in CDMA2000 evolution Standardised version of Qualcomm High Data Rate (HDR) Adds TDMA components beneath code components Good for highly asymmetric high speed data apps Speeds to 2Mbps +, classed as a 3G system Use new or existing spectrum

IS-95B CDMA IS-95A

IS-95A 14.4 kbps Core network reused in CDMA2000

1xEV-DO 1xRTT
CDMA2000 1xRTT: single carrier RTT First phase in CDMA2000 evolution Easy co-existence with IS-95A air interface Release 0 - max 144 kbps Release A max 384 kbps Same core network as IS-95

1xEV-DV

CDMA2000 3xRTT

CDMA2000 1x Evolved DV Fourth phase in CDMA2000 evolution Still under development Speeds to 5Mbps+ (more than 3xRTT!) Possible end game.

UMTS:
3.9/4G

5G

3.5G

GSM Family

UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecom System) UMTS is European standard of IMT2000, introduced WCDMA (Wideband CDMA) WCDMA: uses CDMA instead of TDMA in GSM Wideband CDMA uses Direct Sequence (DS)CDMA and has a Wideband of 5MHz. The chip rate is 3.84Mcps Supports peak data rate of 2Mb/s using QPSK modulation in both DL and UL WCDMA require new spectrum allocation and new, or upgraded GSM mobile phones This wider BW has benefits such as higher data rates and improved multi-path resolution. The average data rates supported up to 2Mb/s

 UMTS is cost effective migration from GSM Fig. Shows basic ideas of spreading and separation of different senders in UMTS User data is spread using orthogonal spreading codes (user based) After spreading all chip streams are added and scrambled. In FDD mode, scrambling code is unique for each sender and separates all senders For TDD the scrambling code is cell specific ie all stations in a cell use the same scrambling code and cells are separated using different unique scrambling code (cell based) The scrambled chips are QPSK modulated and transmitted

User 1

User 2

User Data Spreading

 In WCDMA, orthogonal spreading codes reduces interference and scrambling is used to separate the users/cells in downlink In uplink, low cross-correlation codes (orthogonal codes) are used to separate the mobiles The WCDMA code is same as IS-95 with a spread factor of 4 to 512. Higher data rates are obtained by using shorter spreading codes since 3.84Mcps chip rate is held constant. GSM/GPRS/EDGE network is upgraded to support WCDMA. WCDMA architecture is split into access network and core network

 WCDMA architecture consists of Radio network controller (RNC) and B nodes. RNC is analogous to the GSM base station (BSC). RNC responsible for control of the radio resources within the network. B node is similar to BTS The interface between RNC and the B nodes is Iub interface like the Abis in GSM. Together an RNC and the B nodes is called Radio network subsytem (RNS) like BSS in GSM RNC is connected with core network over interface Iu (like A interface in GSM). The interface between RNC and SGSN is through IuPS (supports packet switched circuit) like Gb in GPRS. The interface between RNC and MSC is via IuCS (circuit switched)

Access Network
Circuit switched (GSM)

Core Network

Packet switched

WCDMA

 Both domains need the databases EIR & HLR for location management Reusing the existing infrastructure helps to save a lot of money and may convince to use WCDMA if they are already using GSM Fig. Shows protocols stacks of Circuit switched domain (CSD) and Packet switched domain (PSD) The CSD used ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode) Adaptation Layer (AAL2) for voice Segment and Reassemble layer (SAR) used to segment data packets received from the RLC (Radio Link Control) which can be transported in ATM

BSC

RNC

Packet data coverage protocol

 ATM is chosen since it can transport and multiplex low bit rate voice data with low jitter and latency (Compared to protocols used in PSD) In PSD ATM with AAL5, UDP/IP is used (Data) All packets (IP, PPP) destined for UE are encapsulated using the GPRS tunneling protocol (GTP) In UMTS the RNC handles the tunneling protocol GTP, while in GSM/GPRS GTP is used between a SGSN and GGSN only RNC performs protocol conversion from the combination GTP/UDP/IP into the Packet data convergence protocol (PDCP)

 TD-CDMA:
TD-CDMA differs from W-CDMA and CDMA2000. It is a Time Division Duplex (TDD) instead of FDD TDD does not need paired frequencies. It uses the same frequency for up- and downlink transmission TDD is suitable for asymmetric up- and downlink transmission rates for IP data services There are no. of time slots, and no. of orthogonal codes in each time slot

 There are 15 time-slots between up and downlink with a frame duration of 10ms. The chipping rate is 3.84Mcps. 12 time-slots allotted for traffic and 3 for signaling. Each time-slot uses 16 unique spreading codes, one for each user or segment of BW shown in Fig. The first two time slot of every frame is assigned to downlink traffic. The uplink common signaling channels are in the last slot of the frame. The remaining slots are assigned on an as- needed basis for uplink and downlink usage TD-CDMA can assign different modulation and coding scheme for each time-slot to maximize the throughput for each subs in the sector (Adaptive modulation & coding)

TD-CDMA

1 2 3

----- 15 16
16 spreading code

Midample for training & channel estimation

 A time-slot can support 500kb/s in a 5MHz channel. Using 10MHz channel time-slot can support 1Mb/s A single TD-CDMA channel is able to support 5.5Mb/s in down link and 850kb/s in uplink. Using 2 adjacent channels (10MHz) data rate is increased to 11Mb/s in the downlink and 1Mb/s in the uplink The coverage radius of TD-CDMA is decided by two factors: Tx power, reception sensitivity and the length of the guard period. The maximum coverage radius is about 29kms but typically 7.5kms. When large coverage areas are needed for rural applications, capacity must be reduced to achieve greater coverage.

TD-CDMA Parameters: Carrier BW: 5MHz Duplex Type: TDD Multiple Access: TDMA, CDMA Chip rate: 3.84Mc/s Modulation: QPSK, 16-QAM Maximum Cell Range: 29Kms (7.5Kms nominal) Theoretical max. data rate/user: 2Mb/s System Asymmetry (DL:UL): 1:14-14:1 Frequency reuse: 1

 Implementation: If the TD-CDMA is new network with no legacy issues, then configuration(1) is shown in Fig. Deployment of TD-CDMA into existing GSM network where voice is through GSM and new data service through TD-CDMA. Spectrum allocation for TD-CDMA and GSM(1&3) is shown in Fig. Overlay of TD-CDMA on to a WCDMA network (1&2) is shown in Fig. The possible spectrum allocation is also shown in Fig. A spectrum allocation where TD-CDMA is deployed in an existing GSM and WCDMA network (1,2&3) is shown in Fig.

3 GSM

BSC

Core Network 2 WCDMA RNC 1 TD-CDMA TD-CDMA with WCDMA and GSM

Spectrum Allocation: Transmitter

GSM(3) 15MHz

Receiver
GSM(3) 15MHz

GSM(3)

TDCDMA(1)

GSM(3) 10MHz

10MHz

5MHz

TDCDMA(1) 5MHz

WCDMA(2)

10MHz
GSM (3) 5

TDCDMA(1) 5MHz

WCDMA(2) 10MHz

TDCDMA(1) 5MHz

WCDMA TD-CDMA (2) (1) 5 5MHz

GSM WCDMA TD-CDMA (3) (2) (1) 5 5 5MHz

 TD-SCDMA:
Time Division-Synchronous CDMA is perceived as a Chinese standard TD-SCDMA uses TDD as the access method allowing both asynchronous and synchronous operation TD-SCDMA node-B employs combination of FDMA, TDMA, CDMA (Fig. Architecture) RAN uses asynchronous 1.6MHz of spectrum, enabling to have multiple carriers in the same BW as a WCDMA,CDMA2000 or TD-CDMA carrier TD-SCDMA supports circuit switched services in addition to packet (IP) services. Circuit switched rates are 12.2,64, 144, 384, and 2048kb/s. Packet data rates are 9.6, 64, 144, 384 and 2048kb/s

TD-SCDMA

 TD-SCDMA is sponsored by China, a total of 155MHz frequency BW has been allocated for TDD which indicates that 96 (1.6X96=155MHz) unique carriers are possible Radio resources for the uplink and downlink are allocated separately (5ms each), even though the uplink and downlink are in the same carrier There are total 7 time-slots for each sub-frame (Fig.) A total of 16 spreading codes are used with TDSCDMA. These codes are all orthogonal to each other and like all CDMA codes are part of tree

5ms
TS0 TS1 TS2

5ms
TS6 TS0 TS1 ------TS6

------

BCH DwPTS 96chips

Downlink
Gp 96c UpPTS 160chips 864chips

Uplink

Data Mid- Data Gp Field-1 amble Field-2

352 144 352 16chips

1 2

-----

16

16 spreading code

TD-SCDMA Channel Allocation

 Table lists parameters for TD-SCDMA system Fig. shows an overlay approach for a TD-SCDMA installed in an existing GSM spectrum It shows a spectrum allocation for TD-SCDMA within 5MHz BW with guard bands It also shows the spectrum allocation of GSM with TD-SCDMA in its existing spectrum

Comparison of TD-CDMA, WCDMA and TDSCDMA radio access is shown in Table

 TD-SCDMA Parameters:
Carrier BW: 1.6MHz Duplex Type: TDD Multiple Access: TDMA, CDMA, FDMA Chip rate: 1.28Mc/s Modulation: QPSK, 8-PSK Maximum Cell Range: 40Kms Theoretical max. data rate/user: 2Mb/s System Asymmetry (DL:UL): 1:6-6:1 Frequency reuse: 1

BSC

GSM
Core Network RNC
TD-SCDMA

TD-SCDMA
Guard Band

1 1.6

2 1.6 5MHz GSM 3.2

3 1.6MHz

TD-SCDMA 1.6MHz

 Comparison:
TD-CDMA WCDMA TD-SCDMA Multiple Access HCR-TDD FDD LCR-TDD Handoff Hard Soft Hard Modulation QPSK QPSK QPSK/8-PSK BW 5MHz 5MHz 1.6MHz Time slot/frame 15 7 7 Chip rate 3.84Mc/s 3.84Mc/s 1.28Mc/s Spreading factor 1,2,4,8,16 4 to 256 1,2,4,8,16 Receiver Joint detection Rake Joint detection Rake (Mobile) Rake (Mobile)

Commonality among WCDMA, CDMA2000, TDCDMA, TD_SCDMA: All of the platforms use CDMA technology and requires total of either 1.25, 1.6 or 5MHz of spectrum WCDMA, TD-CDMA, and TD-SCDMA use a GSM 2G network as a logical starting point as does CDMA2000 with IS-95 GSM took 10 years to become the most successful 2G mobile communication system. A similar period of time is taken by 3G system to succeed

 Quality of Service (QoS) in 3G: The QoS classes defined for mobile network are very different from fixed networks due to restrictions and limitations of the air interface Based on delay sensitivity four QoS classes have been defined for 3G traffic: i) Conversational, ii) streaming, iii) interactive, and iv) background i) Conversational class is defined for the most delay-sensitive applications (voice & VoIP), and the transfer delay is strictly limited ii) Streaming class is defined for one-way real time video/audio (VoD). Both conversational and streaming classes will need better channel coding and retransmission to reduce the error rate in order to meet the required QoS

 Interactive & background classes are defined for delay-insensitive services. iii) interactive class is used for applications such as Telenet, interactive e-mail, and web browsing. iv) background class is defined for activities such as FTP or the background downloading of e-mails Among the traffic classes, the conversational class is most delay-sensitive, and background class is most delay-insensitive In addition to traffic classes several QoS parameters includes maximum, minimum, and guaranteed bit rates, delivering order, maximum packet size, reliability and so on A major challenge for defining QoS of 3G is compatibility with QoS of existing mobile networks (GPRS) and fixed network (Internet)

 QoS mapping for circuit switched 3G and 2G (GSM) is easy. For handoff between 3G and 2G networks, only reliability, delay, and BW are meaning full parameters For background download of files, the 3G QoS is mapped to GPRS reliability class 2 (NACK GTP mode) and GPRS delay class 4 (best-effort) For Internet applications, the 3G QoS should be mapped to Internet QoS definition, and attributes for integrated services (IntServ) and differentiated services (DiffServ). The QoS parameters of these two Internet service types are controlled by the applications (ie TE) .

 3G Deployment:
In Japan mobile phone subscribers reached to 111 Million and 3G penetration exceeds 88% In India 400 million subscribers of 3G network will reach by 2015 This will be 30% of total mobile phone subscribers WCDMA based subscribers will be around 320 million and 80 million will be CDMA2000 based [New Wireless Intelligence study-India, 2011]

3.5G (HSDPA) (High Speed Downlink Packet Access): An enhanced version and the next intermediate generation of 3G UMTS. It comprises the technologies that improve the air Interface and increase the spectral efficiency to support data rates of the order of 14 Mbps. 3.5G introduces many new features that will enhance the UMTS technology in future. 1xEV-DV already supports most of the features that will be provided in 3.5G.

 New features include: * Adaptive Modulation and Coding * Fast Scheduling: Scheduling shifted from RNC to B node * Backward compatibility with 3G * Enhanced air interface

 Adaptive Modulation and Coding:

For the same symbol rate, the signal power, modulation technique, information rate, and channel coding rate can be adjusted in accordance to channel interferences and QoS requirements FEC rate , 2/3, , 5/6 and Digital modulation QPSK, 16-QAM, 64-QAM are dynamically adapted for every single individual user giving rise to 6-fold spectral efficiency (b/s/Hz) Mobile user closer to BS (64-QAM, rate Turbo code) and closer to cell boundary (QPSK, rate Turbo code)

FEC 1/2

FEC 3/4

Adaptive Modulation & Coding

AMC with Range

Fourth Generation (4G)

4G supports voice, data, and streamed video for all users, in all locations It is a networks of networks that integrates seamlessly and allows people to move between different types of radio technologies in seamless way 4G network will depend entirely on a full IP wireless infrastructure

 In 4G the trend is towards support for even advanced data services. The vision for 4G and future systems is towards unification of various mobile and wireless networks eg wireless cellular (2G, 3G) and wireless data network (WLAN, WiMAX, etc.)
Cellular is circuit switched means a connection establishment is to be there prior to the call, while wireless data network is packet switched Evaluation of wireless networks towards an integrated system will produce a common packet switched (wireless Internet) platform

 4G involves merger of cellular and wireless technologies including integration of *Personal area network (Bluetooth, ZigBee, UWB), * WLAN (Wi-Fi), * WMAN (WiMAX), * Wide Area Network (Cellular), *Regional/Global Area Network (RAN) (Radio and TV broadcasting, satellite communication)

4G key technologies are related to

* Adaptive coding and modulation, * Software defined radio (SDR), * Multiple access schemes, * Smart antennas, * Security measures 4G system may begin in 2010-2015 time frame 1Gb/s data rate for stationary & 100Mb/s for moving vehicle.

4G Key Technology

(Low density packet code)

 Software Defined Radio (SDR): Current approach of radio is to built multi-chip modules, multi-transceivers on die This needs more die area, more power consumption, may require additional antenna and matching network SDR is flexible to support variety of signal BWs, modulation formats, signal levels LNA tunable over wide BW, DSP to achieve decimation, down conversion, channel selectivity, gain/phase compensation SDR increases flexibility, reduces cost, decreases power consumption, and increases performance

 SDR should move its operating characteristics in real time by software commands Can shift center frequency, modify BW, sampling rate, change the linearity and noise figure of a transceiver channel in real time One programmable transceiver can replace many fixed transceiver used in current cell phones or data modems Reduces size, power consumption of transceiver SDR is better in performance even against single transceiver Received analog RF signal is processed by reprogrammable base band Digital signal processor (DSP) using multiple antennas and amplifiers and very fast high speed ADC and DSP functions

Receiver SDR Operations

Transmitter

 MIMO-OFDM System: Multi-input multi-output (MIMO) antennas technology has potential to significantly improve the capacity and performance of wireless systems Signal from different antennas will fade independently, thus increasing frequency diversity It is natural to combine two powerful technologies MIMO and OFDM in the PHY layer design Multiple antennas can be used at the transmitter and receiver OFDM with MIMO increases diversity gain and enhance system capability on a time varying multi-path fading Adaptive antenna array locates the user, minimizes the interferences, and maximizes intended signal reception

QAM ENC mapping IFFT

Add Add Cyclic Cyclic

Prefix Prefix

Remove Cyclic Prefix Time and freq. sync FFT

Detection
and Decoding Block

S / P Add Add IFFT mapping Cyclic Cyclic

Prefix Prefix

Remove Cyclic Prefix FFT

QAM ENC

WiMAX + Cellular

WiMAX + WLAN

 Distribution layer: Supports digital video

broadcasting services at moderate speeds over relatively large cells. This layer will support coverage and mobility and will cover sparsely populated rural areas Cellular layer: This layer comprises 2G and 3G systems. It provides high capacity in terms of users and data rates inside densely populated areas such as cities. This layer support data rates up to 2Mb/s. Cell size will be smaller than distribution layer. This layer support full coverage and mobility Hotspot layer: This layer supports high data rates over short ranges like offices or buildings. It comprise WLAN system IEEE802.11

 Personal network layer: This layer comprise

very short range wireless connections such as Bluetooth, ZigBee. Mobility is limited due to very short range

Fixed layer: This will comprise the fixed access

system (WiMAX)