Intelligent Agents

Chapter 2
Team Teaching AI (created by Dewi Liliana) PTIIK 2012

Outline
Agents and environments

Rationality
PEAS (Performance measure, Environment,

Actuators, Sensors) Environment types Agent types

Agents
An agent is anything that can be viewed as perceiving its

environment through sensors and acting upon that environment through actuator Human agent: eyes, ears, and other organs for sensors; hands, legs, mouth, and other body parts for actuators Robotic agent: cameras and infrared range finders for sensors; various motors for actuators

Agents and environments

The agent function maps from percept histories to actions:

[f: P* A]
The agent program runs on the physical architecture to

produce f agent = architecture + program

Vacuum-cleaner world

Percepts: location and contents, e.g., [A,Dirty] Actions: Left, Right, Suck, NoOp

A vacuum-cleaner agent

Rational agents
Rational do the right thing

Based on what it can perceive and the actions it can perform. The right action is the one that will cause the agent to be most successful Performance measure: An objective criterion for success of an agent's behavior E.g., performance measure of a vacuum-cleaner agent:
Amount of dirt cleaned up, Amount of time taken,

Amount of electricity consumed, Amount of noise generated, etc.

Goal among many objectives, pick one objective to

become the main focus of agent

 Contoh

Goal Measure Lulus Kuliah Kaya Juara liga sepakbola klasemen Bahagia kebahagiaan

Performance
IPK Gaji bulanan Posisi Tingkat

Rational agents
Rational Agent: For each possible percept

sequence, a rational agent should select an action that is expected to maximize its performance measure, given the evidence provided by the percept sequence and whatever built-in knowledge the agent has.

Rational agents
Rationality is distinct from omniscience (all-

knowing with infinite knowledge) Agents can perform actions in order to modify future percepts so as to obtain useful information (information gathering, exploration) An agent is autonomous if its behavior is determined by its own experience (with ability to learn and adapt)

PEAS
PEAS: Performance measure, Environment, Actuators,

Sensors Must first specify the setting for intelligent agent design Consider, e.g., the task of designing an automated taxi driver:
Performance measure (kinerja)

Environment (tingkungan, suasana) Actuators (tingkah laku) Sensors

PEAS
PEAS: Performance measure, Environment, Actuators,

Sensors Must first specify the setting for intelligent agent design Consider, e.g., the task of designing an automated taxi driver:
Performance measure: Safe, fast, legal, comfortable trip,

maximize profits Environment: Roads, other traffic, pedestrians, customers Actuators: Steering wheel, accelerator, brake, signal, horn Sensors: Cameras, sonar, speedometer, GPS, odometer, engine sensors, keyboard

PEAS
Agent: Medical diagnosis system

Performance measure: Healthy patient, minimize

costs, lawsuits Environment: Patient, hospital, staff Actuators: Screen display (questions, tests, diagnoses, treatments, referrals) Sensors: Keyboard (entry of symptoms, findings, patient's answers)

PEAS
Agent: Part-picking robot

Performance measure: Percentage of parts in

correct bins Environment: Conveyor belt with parts, bins Actuators: Jointed arm and hand Sensors: Camera, joint angle sensors

PEAS
Agent: Interactive English tutor

Performance measure: Maximize student's score

on test Environment: Set of students Actuators: Screen display (exercises, suggestions, corrections) Sensors: Keyboard

Environment types
Fully observable vs. Partially observable : An agent's sensors

give it access to the complete state of the environment at each point in time. An environment is fully observable if the sensors detect all aspects that are relevant to the choice of action. Environment might be partially observable because of noisy and inaccurate sensors. Deterministic vs. Stochastic : The next state of the environment is completely determined by the current state and the action executed by the agent. (If the environment is deterministic except for the actions of other agents, then the environment is strategic)

Environment types
Episodic vs. Sequential (tindakan)The agent's

experience is divided into atomic "episodes" (each episode consists of the agent perceiving and then performing a single action), and the choice of action in each episode depends only on the episode itself. -- Ex. classification (episodic), chess and taxi driving (sequential).
Static (tanpa waktu) vs. Dynamic (dengan waktu): The

environment is unchanged, the agent doesnt need to keep looking on the environment to decide something. On Dynamic environments are continuously asking the agent what it wants to do. (The environment is semidynamic if the environment itself does not change with the passage of time but the agent's performance score does)

 Discrete vs. Continuous: A limited number of

distinct state, clearly defined percepts and actions. (e.g., chess distinct, taxi driving continuous). Single agent vs. Multi agent: An agent operating by itself in an environment. Competitive vs Cooperative agents

Environment types
Fully observable Deterministic Episodic Static Discrete Single agent Chess with a clock Yes Strategic No Semi Yes No Chess without a clock Yes Strategic No Yes Yes No Taxi driving No No No No No No

The environment type largely determines the agent design The real world is (of course) partially observable, stochastic, sequential, dynamic, continuous, multi-agent

The Structure of Agents

An agent is completely specified by the agent

function mapping percept sequences to actions One agent function (or a small equivalence class) is rational Aim: find a way to implement the rational agent function concisely

Table-lookup agent
Keeps track of percept sequence and index it into

a table of actions to decide what to do. Drawbacks:

Huge table Take a long time to build the table No autonomy Even with learning, need a long time to learn the

table entries

Agent program for a vacuumcleaner agent

Agent types
Four basic types in order of increasing generality:
Simple reflex agents: select action based on current

percept, ignoring the rest of percept history. Model-based reflex agents: maintain internal states that depend on the percept history, reflects some unobserved aspects of the current state. Goal-based agents: Have information about the goal and select the action to achieve the goal Utility-based agents: assign a quantitative measurement to the environment. Learning agents: learning from experience, improving performance

Simple reflex agents

 Condition-action rule: condition that triggers some

action ex. If car in front is braking (condition) then initiate braking (action) Connect percept to action Simple reflex agent is simple but has very limited intelligence Correct decision can be made only in fully observable environment

Simple reflex agents

function SIMPLE-REFLEX-AGENT (percept) return an action static: rules, a set of condition-action rules state INTERPRET-INPUT (percept) rule RULE-MATCH(state,rules) action RULE-ACTION[rule] return action
o INTERPRET-INPUT function generates an abstracted

description of the current state from the percept o RULE-MATCH function return the first rule in the set of rules that matches the given state description

Model-based reflex agents

 The most effective way to handle partial

observability is keep track of the part of the world it can see now. Agent maintains internal state that depend on percept history and thereby reflects some unobserved aspect of the current state. Updating internal state information requires two knowledges:
How the world evolves independently of the agent How the agentss own action affect the world

Knowledge about how the world works is called

a model

Model-based reflex agents

function REFLEX-AGENT-WITH-STATE (percept) return an action static: state, a description of the current world state rules, a set of condition-action rules action, the most recent action, initially none state UPDATE-STATE (state,action,percept) rule RULE-MATCH(state,rules) action RULE-ACTION[rule] return action
o UPDATE-STATE creates new internal state

Goal-based agents

 Knowing about the current state is not always

enough to decide what to do. The agent needs a goal information that describe situations that are desirable

Utility-based agents

 Achieving the goal alone are not enough to

generate high-quality behavior in most environments. How quick? How safe? How cheap? measured Utility function maps a state onto a real number (performance measure)

Learning agents

 Learning element is responsible for making

improvements Performance element is responsible for selecting external actions Critic gives feedback on how the agent is doing

To Sum Up
Agents interact with environments through actuators and sensors The agent function describes what the agent does in all

circumstances The performance measure evaluates the environment sequence A perfectly rational agent maximizes expected performance Agent programs implement (some) agent functions PEAS descriptions define task environments Environments are categorized along several dimensions: observable? deterministic? episodic? static? discrete? singleagent? Several basic agent architectures exist: reflex, reflex with state, goal-based, utility-based