BASIC PETROLEUM AND ESP

Andi A Wibowo, SBU Production Supervisor

BASIC PRODUCTION-ESP OPERATION

CONTENTS
HOW HYDROCARBON FORMED? OIL FIELD RESERVOIR RESERVOIR DRIVE MECHANISM RESERVOIR CHARATERISTIC RESERVOIR PRESSURE PROFILE TYPICAL COMPLETION TYPE FORMATION PROBLEM SCALE BASIC ESP

HOW HYDROCARBON FORMED?

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SALINE
+3,000,000 Years

TRANSFORM TO HYDROCARBON

TEMPERATUR PRESSURE TEMPERATUR PRESSURE E 5000 Ft 21000 Ft E

HOW HYDROCARBON FORMED??

Oil formed at 120F- 350 F, in 5,000 21,000 feet depth about 3,000,000 years ago (minimum).
Gas formed at temperature > 350 F, in 21000 feet depth in short period of time Due to smaller density, buoyancy forces and capillarity ,oil and gas move up through the area this is called fluid migration

Vertical migration for gas and oil sometimes possible to surface

Horizontal migration less than 200 miles of distance Hydrocarbons are trapped and accumulate on the impermeable rock media which is common called Cap Rock

HOW HYDROCARBON FORMED??

SURFACE

OIL RESERVOIR
IMPERMEABLE TRAP ROCK UNSEALED ROCK TRAPPED

SALINE

200 MILES

MIGRATIO N

HYDROCARBO N

OILFIELD RESERVOIR

A petroleum reservoir must have Permeability three things:

- Source Rock for the Hydrocarbons

Pore space

- Reservoir rock that is porous and permeable

- An Impermeable seal to trap the Hydrocarbon

Reservoir rock generally

sedimentary of sand stone or limestone (carbonate) Talang Akar formation is a sandstone and Baturaja formation is Carbonate

OILFIELD RESERVOIR
Productivity Index (PI) = Q / (SBHP-PBHP) PI Rate So Bigger PI is better

PI depends on : - drawdown (SBHP PBHP)

- reservoir permeability (k) - Porosity

How fluid goes to surface?

- Natural flow : if Reservoir pressure still high - Artificial lift :if reservoir Pres has been depleted How about CNOOC ? Almost all wells using ESP as artificial lift

RESERVOIR DRIVE MECHANISM

Water Drive

Solution Gas Drive

Gas- Cap expansion drive

RESERVOIR CHARATERISTIC

Porosity : comparison between pore volume and bulk volume (space of formation rock)

Permeability. Higher permeability is better reservoir

Fluid Saturation, represent percent of pore volume that filled by fluid

Formation Volume Factor, represents the shrinkage of res.fluid volume when it at surface condition

RESERVOIR PRESSURE PROFILE

PI =

Qf

.
o

(SBHP-PBHP)
Near wellbore drawdown about 70% SBHP* and PBHP* read with Surveyor Unit
Pressure

Fluid Level

E.S.P.
PSI

SBHP *

Qf
PBHP *
Distance

WELL COMPLETION

FORMATION PROBLEMS
Pressure Depleted The pressure is naturally depleted along with oil producing, Low reservoir pressure == more difficult to lift up == need artificial lift.

Formation problem / Inflow Problem

- Scale Problem

- Sand Problem

SCALE PROBLEM

Scale is a mineral precipitation, It could be a problem if in a big amount and plugging up reservoir pore and pump. Very common oil field scale : calcite,barite,ironic,anhydrite,gypsum,etc Why scale build up? The main cause is decreasing mineral (calcite, barite,etc ) solubility in the water by changing temperature and pressure. Generally, The solubility will decreasing when P and T drop.

SCALE PROBLEM (CONT)

Scale deposit in the impeller,diffuser and tubing

SCALE PROBLEM

Scale could lead to:

- Inflow problem : scale could plugging up the

formation,perforation and pump intake
Indication : BHP rapidly decreasing, Running ampere drop and BHT increasing due to not enough fluid cooling down the ESP motor

- Pump stuck = Overload = DHP

SCALE PROBLEM

What should be done?

- Stimulation, If scale build up in formation.
Stimulation is the process of injection acid into formation to remove damage around wellbore.

- Pump clean up,If scale build up in pump.

Stimulation Process

Basic ESP
Basically ESP is a centrifugal pump with electric power from surface. ESP part : surveyor+ motor+ Protector+ Intake+ Pump

ESP develops extra head (pressure) to lift fluid to surface.

The pump sizing and design depends on PI,free gas ,sand tendencies,depth,viscosity,etc Each type of ESP has optimum operating range and efficiency. ESP isnt efficient for high free gas well gas lock problem

ESP manufacture : REDA,Centrilift,ESP,ODI,Daqing,Shangli,etc

Basic ESP Components

Cable MLE and Power Cable

System Components of Typical Installation The pump is seated above the perforations in such a way that the well fluid moves upward around the motor housing, cooling the motor by dissipating the heat generated. All the components are connected together and hang from the tubing.

Centrifugal Pump

Intake or Gas Separator

Protector

Electric Motor

Basic ESP Engineering

Wellhead

Wellhead Pressure

Ground Level

Flow

1 2
Total Friction Loss
Producing Fluid Level

Schlumberger Private

Net Vertical Lift

Pump Set Depth

Flow

Flow

Pump Operating Range

Efficiency
Pump Range

Head HP per Stage

ESP Problems
How to identify problem? Simple.LOOK AMCHART.

Every single line tell us something.

What is am chart?.
- Electrical drive pump. - Power consumed by motor depends on operating point ==> pump curves

- Power consumed = f(running amps)

- Running Amps ==> diagnose parameter

Commons Problem : Underload,Overload,Gas lock,Pump Off, lost flow.

Underload Problem
Why it happen? Not enough fluid level, shaft broken Troubleshooting: Choke back Reduce frequency Try to raise up fluid level by bleed off casing pressure
M I D N I G H T 6 AM

60 50 40 30 20 10

Undercurrent Load

Overload Problem

Common causes:
Increased fluid gravity Sand production Scale build up Increasing viscosity (emulsion)
M I D N I G H T

6 AM

60 50 40 30 20 10

Overload

Electrical problem

DO NOT restart the pump before check cable and cleared problem

Gas Lock
Why? A big free gas in pump. What we can do: Choke back and raise up fluid level at annulus. Reduce frequency using VSD Deepening the pump Install down hole gas separator (VGSA + AGH)
M I D N I G H T 6 AM

Pump has gas locked

60 50 40 30 20 10

Gas Locking