SENSOR S

2nd sem Mtech[D.E]

Introduction
Input Signal Sensor Output Signal

physical parameter

Electric signal

real world

sensor actuator

Intelligent feedback system

Detectable Phenomenon
Stimulus
Acoustic Biological & Chemical

Quantity
Wave (amplitude, phase, polarization), Spectrum, Wave Velocity Fluid Concentrations (Gas or Liquid)

Electric

Charge, Voltage, Current, Electric Field (amplitude, phase, polarization), Conductivity, Permittivity

Magnetic

Magnetic Field (amplitude, phase, polarization), Flux, Permeability

Optical

Refractive Index, Reflectivity, Absorption

Thermal

Temperature, Flux, Specific Heat, Thermal Conductivity

Mechanical

Position, Velocity, Acceleration, Force, Strain, Stress, Pressure, Torque

Temperature sensors
RTD (Resistance Temperature Detector)
How it works:
Utilizes the fact that resistance of a metal changes with temperature.
Passing current through an RTD generates a voltage across the RTD. By measuring this voltage, you can determine its resistance and, thus, its temperature

RTDs are PTC i.e RT

Temperature sensors

Element Metal Copper Nickel Platinum

Temperature Range -100 260 C -100 260 C -260 800 C

Base Resistance 10 at 0C 120 at 0C 100 at 0 C

Where :

Rt2 is the new resistance. R t1 is the initial resistance at the reference temperature,t1. T is the change in temperature,t2-t1.

COST OF RTD
SLNo .

Item Code
RTD1-R01-01

Short Description
RTD PT100 3-WIRE PLAS VENTILATED HOUSING METAL TERM CONNECTIONS (-40 to 85 deg. C)

Price (US $) $25.00

RTD1-C06R-03 PT100, Class A, single element, 3-wire, spring-loaded, 7 inch

$37.25

3
4

RTD1-C06-01
RTD1-C12-01

PT100, Class A, single element, 3-wire, 6 inch length (-50 to 300 deg. C)
PT100, Class A, single element, 3-wire, 12 inch length (-50 to 300 deg. C)

$67.75
$70.00

Temperature sensors
RTD application HVAC application where a heating and air conditioning unit needs to be run in order to precisely control the temperature of a room.

Temperature sensors
RTD Advantage:

Wide temperature range Good Accuracy (better than Thermocouples) Repeatability and resistance to electrical noise Long-Term stability

Temperature sensors
Thermocouple
How it works: Conductor generates a voltage when it is subjected to a temperature gradient. If the same material is used for the measurement, the voltage generated by the measuring conductor simply cancels that of the first conductor. The voltage difference generated by the two dissimilar materials can be measured and related to the corresponding temperature gradient.

working

The phenomenon where a voltage is produced because of the heating of the junction of two metallic conductors is called thermoelectric effect or Seebeck effect.

The junction where heat is applied is called the hot or measurement junction. The other junction is called the cold junction or reference junction, and the voltage developed is called thermo-emf

Temperature sensors
Thermocouple

Temperature sensors
Types of Thermocouple & Temperature Ranges
General Thermocoupl Generic and Application e Type Trade Names Range B Platinum 30% 1370-1700C Rhodium Iron Constantan, Cupron Nicrosil Nisil Item code P30R-008 P30R-010 Price $110.00 $160.00 $18.00 $23.00 $21.00 $28.00 $40.00 $40.00

J
N

95-760C
650-1260C

IRCO-010 IRCO-003 OPON-005 OPON-003 P13R-001 P13R-001

Platinum 13% 1870-1450C Rhodium Pure Platinum

Temperature sensors
Applications of Thermocouple

Type K:Testing temperatures associated with process plants e.g. chemical production and petroleum refineries Type J:Hot processes including plastics and resin manufacture Type N:Temperature measurement of gas turbine and engine exhausts Monitoring of temperatures throughout the production and smelting process in the steel, iron and aluminium industry.

TOUCH SENSOR
Capacitive touch sensor
How it works: The simplest form of a capacitor consists of two conductors, e.g. two metal plates, separated by an insulator Given by C= (A/D)

= 0 *r r is the relative permittivity 0is the permittivity of free space A is the area of the plates D is the distance between the plates

TOUCH SENSOR

Capacitive touch sensor

TOUCH SENSOR

Capacitive touch sensor

Since the body is always in touch with the ground or any surface, the touch of the finger initiates the electric current. When the finger makes contact with the screen, alternating current is broadcast from the corners of the screen and a microcontroller placed behind the electrode on a touch screen initiates a quick reaction within nanoseconds, making capacitive touch screens extremely responsive.

TOUCH SENSOR

Capacitive touch sensor

TOUCH SENSOR

Capacitive touch sensor

Advantages

Superior touch performance Great visibility even in bright sunlight Multi touch input is accepted Response time is interms of ns

Conclusion
Sensors have become part of life to make the things better, faster and simple.

References

http://www.pyromation.com http://elmchan.org/works/capsens/report_e.html http://www.thermometricscorp.com/thermocou ple http://blog.synaptics.com/wpcontent/uploads/2012/06/SID_2012_Seminar M-3_CapacitiveTouch_Mackey_Present.pdf