You are on page 1of 80

SENDER

SENDER S.A.

SENDER A.M. Transmitters

SENDER

SENDER S.A.
Company was created in 1997 by a group of engineers and technitians with long experience in Solid state A.M. Transmitters. Located in Santiago Chile, with 25 employes. 40% of them are shareholders.

Main activity: Design and manufacturing of A.M. transmitters, antenna tuning units, duplexers and triplexers.
First transmitter in operation Nov 1997. Transmitters sold up to now:127 from 1 KW to 12.5 KW.

SENDER

Product Line
AM 1500 SS 1.5 KW/1.1 KW, single phase / 2 power amplifiers AM 3000 SS 2.25 KW/3KW, single phase or 3 phase / 4 power amplifiers. AM 7500 SS 5.5 KW/ 7.5 KW, 3 phase or single phase / 7 power amplifiers.

AM 15000 SS 11 KW/13 KW,3 phase / 14 power amplifiers


AM 25000 SS 22 KW/26KW, 3 phase / 28 power amplifiers

A.T.Us for 1.5 KW, 3 KW,7.5 KW, 13 KW and 26 KW

SENDER

Product highlights
Solid State. Modular / redundant architecture High efficiency. PWM & class D R.F. amplifiers Hot plug in power amplifiers with Mosfets. Simple design with standard components. Totally rustproof cabinet made of iridated aluminum with stainless steel hardware. Excellent specs and audio quality. Outstanding factory support. Very competitive price.

SENDER

Basic specifications
Frequency range: .53 MHZ to 1.7 MHZ. Input voltage: 110V or 220 V single phase, 220V or 380V 3 ph +or - 10%. Line frequency 47HZ to 63 HZ. Efficiency: 75% or better for single phase transmitters, 80% or better for 3 phase transmitters. Frequency response: Better than +or- 1 dB 30 Hz to 10 KHZ. Distortion: Less than 1% at nominal power and 90% modulation.

Harmonics and spurious:- 73 dB or better for AM 1500 SS, - 80 dB or better for other models.

SENDER

Frequency stability:+- 5 Hz. Output impedance: 50 Ohm Dimentions and weigths: AM 1500 SS W=44 cm,H=62.5cm D=60 cM , 100 Kg. AM 3000 SS W=44 cm,H=65.5cm D=60 cM , 160 Kg. AM 15000 SS W=80 cm,H=181cm D=81 cM , 500 Kg.

SENDER

Standard features: 2 power level with independient adjustment and modulation autotracking. Start, stop,power level selection and power level adjustment remotely controled. Automatic alarm reset. Positive and negative limiter.

SENDER

Basic block diagram


A1 Synth A2

Combiner

Output Filter

PWM An PWR Supply

Out

Control

SENDER

Relationship with RICHARDSON ELECTRONICS


Exclusive representation for Asia and other specific countries. Joint project to manufacture transmitters in U.S.A. Sender sells Omnicast F.M. Transmitters in Latin America. Excellent level of personal contacts .

SENDER

Near future projects


FCC type acceptance. Frequency agile 1.5 KW transmitter. IBOC compatibility. Inboard audio processor and modulation monitor. Higher power amplifiers

SENDER

Reliability in A.M. stations

SENDER

Introduction
Station Concept
Harmonic set of:
Transmitter Radiating system Energy System Auxiliary Equipment

SENDER

Experience with stations using Solid State A.M. Transmitters


Very high reliability if precautions related with the following topics are considered:
Antenna discharges A.C. Source transients and discharges A.C. Source voltage limits Load stability Interference from nearby stations

Reliability is reduced in unprotected stations

SENDER

Basic elements of a station

ANTENNA STL RX
H.V TRANSF.
DISTR. BOARD

Audio & Rem. Ctrl.

RF

TX T.P.
A.C.

ATU

GROUND PLANE

SENDER

TRANSMITTER BASIC BLOCKS


POWER SUPPLY PWM MODULATOR R.F. DRIVER CLASS D or E R.F. OUTPUT FILTER CONTROL,PROTECTIONS,SIGNALING EXTERNAL INTERFACE

SENDER

PWM MODULATOR
GENERATES D.C + A.C. VOLTAGE FOR THE R.F. AMP. SWITCHING DEVICE, HIGH EFFICIENCY A FILTER IS NEEDED TO ELIMINATE SWITCHING FREQUENCIES CONMUTATION FREQUENCY IS 72 KHZ.

SENDER

PWM (PULSE WIDTH MODULATION)


SIMPLIFIED DIAGRAM:

R.F. AMPLIFIER

D.C. SUPPLY

Switch (Mosfet)

PWM FILTER

LOAD

SENDER

PWM BASIC OPERATION


Between 1) y 4) duty cycle is increased Mean voltage in the load increases proportionally A filter is required to remove high frequency components
F = 72 kHz 1) PWM waveform Filtered output voltage

S V

2)

RL 3)
4)

SENDER

PWM Frequency spectrum


Amplitude
D.C Component Audio

PWM 0

72 kHz

144 kHz

Frecuency

SENDER

PWM Frequency spectrum


Amplitude
D.C. component

PWM 180
Audio

72 KHZ components out of phase

72 kHz

144 kHz

Frecuency

SENDER

PWM filter diagram

SENDER

PWM filter frequency response

SENDER

PWM filter response sensibility to load changes


Rload +/- 15%

SENDER

Load change consequences


With reduced load (Rload< Rnominal) transmitter will produce high frequency submodulation With increased load (Rload>Rnominal) transmitter will show high frequency overmodulation Distorsion will increase if filter is not propperly loaded.

SENDER

Modulated class D R.F. Amplifier.


+V

T1

RL

T3

T2 PWM filter

T4

SENDER

Class D r.f. Amplifier diagram

SENDER

Class D Bridge parasitic elements


V+
Cgd Cds Cgs Cds Cgd

RL

Cgs

Cgd Cds Cgs Cds

Cgd Cgs

Ciss = Cgs + Cgd

Crss = Cgd

Coss = Cds + Cgd

SENDER

Mosfets drive
Vgs
V+

Dead time Vgs(thr)


time

T1

RL

T3

T2

T4 Vgs peak = 13V

SENDER

R.F. drive circuit


Ls and Cs series resonant Lp paralel resonant with mosfet input capacitance (Partially)
Ls
Drive signal

Cs

MOSFET drive

Lp

SCgs

SENDER

Class D bridge current paths


V+ V+

T1

RL

T3

T1

RL

T3

T2

T4

T2

T4

SENDER

Class D bridge undisered current paths.


V+ V+

T1

RL

T3

T1

RL

T3

T2

T4

T2

T4

SENDER

Class D Amplifier basics.


Low impedance driver required for:
Fast switching Low Vgs modulation by Crss

Tuned load to produce sinusoidal current High efficiency (>95 %) Duty cycle should be < 0.5
Avoid transversal currents Coss charge and discharge through Rl

Class D R.F. Amp typical waveforms.

SENDER

SENDER

MOSFET characteristics
No secondary breakdown positive temperature coeff. Of Rdson (Simplify parallel operation) Voltage controled device (Vgs) Driver impedance dependent switching times. Intrinsic antiparallel diode

SENDER

IRFP350 MOSFET
Rdson = 0.3 ohms Vdss = 400 Vdc Vgs = +/- 20 Vmax Vth = 3 V Vsat = 9 V Id = 16 A @ Tc=25C 10 A @ Tc=100C Idmax = 64 A Capacitance @ f=1MHz, Vds=25V , Vgs=0V Ciss = 2600 pF (2400 pF for Vds>40V) Coss = 660 pF (200 pF for Vds>40V) Crss = 250 pF (50 pF for Vds>40V)

SENDER

Class D amplifier example

SENDER

SENDER

Class D Simulation
(1/2 bridge,Vmax<400x.75/2.5)
Cicuit data
Vdc = 110 V F = 1600 kHz d = 0.43 Transistor IRFP350
Rdson = 0.3 ohms Ton = 16 ns Toff = 40 ns Coss = 200 pF

Operational data
RL = 15 ohms Po = 132.36 W h = 97.93 %

Transistor stresses
Vmax = 110.81 V Imax = 4.12 A Pdis = 0.70 W x2 (1.4 Wtotal)
*Simulated with HB plusfrom Design Automation

L2 = 7.04 uH C2 = 1.55 nF

SENDER

Class E Amplifier diagram

SENDER

Class E amplifier example

SENDER

Class E amplifier basics.


R.F.Choke large enough to produce constant current High Q series resonant circuit to produce sinusoidal current Vds y dVds/dt =0 prior to starting conduction High efficiency (>95%)
if special high voltage transistors with low Rdson are used

SENDER

Clase E Waveforms

SENDER

Clase E Simulation (Vmax<400x.75/2.5)


Circuit Data Vdc = 33 V F = 1600 kHz d = 0.48 Transistor IRFP350 Rdson = 0.3 ohms Ton = 16 ns Toff = 40 ns Coss = 200 pF L1=12.3uH L2=3.7uH C1= 4.1nF C2=4.9nF Operational Data RL = 7.3 ohms Po = 125.27 W h = 90.53 % Transistor stresses Vmax = 118.79 V Imax = 9.84 A Pdis = 6.55 W x2 (13.1 Wtotal)

*Simulated with HEPA Plus from Design Automation

SENDER

Passband Output filter


Reduce R.F. Harmonics High third harmonic att > 80 dB Medium second harmonic att. > 40 dB Higher harmonics att > 70 dB Permits impedance matching between amplifier and load. Atenuates low frequency components (Lightning protection)

SENDER

Output filter
Design oriented to protect R.F.amplifier Low frequency attenuation Inductor input Strategically located sensors: Spark Gap Transient suppressor SWR Overpower Overcurrent Phase Input transient suppressor(Active or pasive)

SENDER

Output filter diagram

SENDER

Output filter frequency response

SENDER

Real and imaginary part of filter input impedance

SENDER

Protections integrated in the output filter


SENDER
SENDER

SENDER

Posible Transmitter Agresions


Antenna Impedance change and discharges A.C. Supply Voltage variation and transients Program signal Level variations and transients Ground Transfered potentials and high ground currents

SENDER

Antenna related problems


Impedance change
Low heigth antennas are particularly unstable

Restricted bandwidth Interference from other stations Discharges

SENDER

Short antenna example

60 m tower operating at 700 kHz


ZL = 8 - j160 Q = 20 Electrical length = 50.4

SENDER

Type T -90 Standard A.T.U.

4.55uH 40.9uH j180 j20 Zin 50+j0

11.37nF -j20

ZL 8-j160

SENDER

A.T.U.Sensibility to antenna impedance changes


Change in XL (+/- 10 ohm=6%) if ZL=8-j150 Zin=19.5-j24.4 if ZL=8-j160 Zin=50+J0 if Zl=8-J170 Zin=19.5+j24.4 Change in RL ( +/- 1 ohm =12.5%) if ZL=7-j160 Zin=57.1+j0 if ZL=9-j160 Zin=44.4+j0 RL and XL simultaneous variation if ZL=7-j150 Zin=18.8-j26.8 if ZL=7-j170 Zin=18.8+j26.8 if ZL=9-j150 Zin=19.9-j22 if ZL=9-j170 Zin=19.9+j22 SWR=3.26 SWR=1 SWR=3.26

SWR=1.14 SWR=1.14
SWR=3.52 SWR=3.52 SWR=3.10 SWR=3.10

SENDER

Complex A.T.U. (dual T)


-j44.9 Zin 50+j0 j50.5 j5 j145

-j92.5

20-J13
-20

j37

ZL 8-j160

20

Variations in XL if ZL=8-j150 if ZL=8-j160 if ZL=8-j170

Zin=50+j62.5 Zin=50+j0 Zin=50-j62.5

SWR=3.26 SWR=1.00 SWR=3.26

Note: SWR of 8+/-j10 refered to a 8+j0 is 3.26

SENDER

Load ladder
RF amplifiers Z1

50 Ohm
combiner

Antenna

filter

A.T.U.

Zn

15 Ohm

Extreme values for SWR 1:1.5, refered to 50 Ohm, are: 33.3+j0 75.0+j0 50-j20.4 50+j20.4

SENDER

Load variation effects


Class D amplifier
Load 15 15-j6.1 15+j6.1 22.5 10.0 VSWR 1 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 (%) 97.93 96.55 97.83 98.47 96.94 P (1/2 bridge) 132.36 151.92 93.00 96.08 165.02 Vmax (V) 110.81 109.80 110.83 110.02 110.84 Imax (A) 4.12 57.77 3.44 13.89 5.66

SENDER

A.T.U. And amplifier stresses


A)ZL=50-J62.5 Eff=93.5% Po=4.5W B) ZL=50+J62.5 Eff=90.9% Po=2.02W

20+20

Ip=15.5A

Ip=1A

90

C) ZL=19.5+J24.4 Eff=84% Po=44W


D)ZL=19.5+J24.4 Eff=93.8% Po=395W

Ip=105A

Ip=73.7A

SENDER

Class D waveforms
Ro=15 VSWR=1:1

SENDER

Class D waveforms
Ro=15-j6.1 VSWR=1:1.5

SENDER

Class D waveforms
Ro=15+j6.1 VSWR=1:1.5

Class D waveforms
Ro=22.5 VSWR=1:1.5

SENDER

SENDER

Class D waveforms
Ro=10.0 VSWR=1:1.5

SENDER

Atmospheric discharges
At the antenna In A.C.lines In telephone lines
Characteristics
Imax: 200 kA Itypical: 10 a 20 kA
dI/dT typical: 10 kA/useg Risetime: 2 useg Decay time:40 useg to 50%

SENDER

Criteria to minimize damages


Disipators
Avoid charge acumulation using sharp points or active systems

Well designed grounding system


Low impedance direct paths High impedance undesired paths Radial equipotential conections Antenna and ground conection closely located at TX

SENDER

Discharge probability function


N = 15 L (CH+h)2 10-6
N = Discharges per year L = Ceraunic level (N of days per year when thunderstorms are heared) C = Site topographic index (0 to 0,3) H = Site mean heigth above surroundings (1 to2 km) h = Antenna heigth

Example: C=0.1 L=50 H=100m h=120m N = 12.7 discharges per year.

SENDER

Discharge current circulation


1. Strike 2. Antenna 3. Discharge through the antenna 4. Guy 5. Isolator 6. Spark gap 7. Ground rod 15 8. Base insulator 9. Cnecting Loop 11. A.T.U. isolator 12. A.T.U. 13. Ferrite core 14. Coaxial cable 15. Discharge current in caxial cable 16. A.T.U. Spark gap 17. Disipator

17 3 2

14

13

12

11 16

9 5 8 6

7
10

SENDER

Equipment Instalation
Reference ground Coaxial cable

A.C. Line transient protector


A.C. mains Panelboard Ferrite toroids

Ground to auxiliary equipment

Transmitter A.C. line

Building ground

SENDER

Ground system equivalent circuit

SENDER

Discharge voltages and currents

Interference
1.- Intermodulation products are generated
2.- SWR protection is desensitized

SENDER

3.- Dangerous voltages at the R.F. Amplifier and output filter maybe generated.

SENDER

Transmitter Protections
A.C.input
Overload Short cicuit Transients Overvoltage Undervoltage Assimetry

R.F.
Overcurrent SWR Phase overpower Transients

D.C.supply
Overload Transients Failure

Internal
R.F. Drive Temperature PLL

SENDER

Factory tests to ensure transmitter reliability


Power amplifiers
Long time operation at 150% modulation

Output
Open cicuit Short circuit Simulated lightning strike SWR

A.C. input
Phase failure Simulated transient Voltage variationSENDER

SENDER

Conclusions

Reliability in a transmitting sytem is a function of

Transmitter intrinsic reliability


Power stages regimes much lower than devices limits Simple low power stages with low number of components

Rational protections adjustment

SENDER

Conclusions
High quality station engineering
A.C. Transient protection Antenna discharges protection Well dimentioned and coordinated grounds. Stable radiating sysytem. Interference filtering Coordination with the manufacturer

SENDER

Recomended instrumentation for test and adjustment


1.- To measure resonance: 1.1 R.F.Generator 1.2 Oscilloscope or spectrum analyzer 2.- To measure R.F.impedance: 2.1 R.F. bridge (General Radio 1609 or Delta OIB-3) 2.2 R.F. generator (Delta RG3-A or similar) 2.2 Spectrum analyzer (HP 8553B or similar) or detector included in RG3-A

SENDER

2.3 An H.P. vector impedance meter may be used instead of 2.1,2.2 and 2.3
3.- To measure power: 3.1 R.F. Dummy load,non inductive or with a tuning network to adjust it to 50+J0 Ohm. 3.2 R.F. Ammeter (Delta TC-1 or similar) or R.F. Wattmeter 4.- To measure frequency response and distortion: 4.1 General purpose oscilloscope, 2 channel 4.2 Audio analyzer (Audio precision Portable One or similar) 4.3 Modulation monitor (H.P. 8901 A or B , Belar AMM3, TFT 923 A.M. or similar.)

SENDER

5.- To measure spectrum.5.1 Spectrum analyzer 100KHZ.to 50 MHZ or more TEK 2711, H.P. 8553B plus display unit or similar). 5.2 R.F. atenuator. 5.3 OPTIONAL. Notch filter to remove the carrier frequency and avoid intermodulation 6.- To check efficiency. 6.1 A.C. Analyzer.(To measure A.C. voltage, current, power and power factor

SENDER

7.- To measure transmitter carrier frequency. 7.1 Digital frequency meter up to 10 MHZ. Or higher frequency, time base 1 P.P.M. or less. 8.- To measure temperature. 8.1 Infrared temperature measuring unit with suitable digital multitester. (Fluke).

9.- For general voltage and current measurements: 9.1 True RMS digital multimeter, suitable to operate in high R.F. fields. (Our best experience is with Fuke Digital multimeters.)

SENDER

10.- For long run test. 10.1 USASI Noise generator. (Delta SNG-1).

SENDER

SENDER
Pablo Phillips D.
Agosto 1999

You might also like