mass A measure of the amount of matter in an object. The mass of an object is related to the force required to accelerate it.

acceleration/force the more force you apply, the greater the acceleration

Click on the picture for some great questions about acceleration and force!

acceleration/mass the greater the mass, the more force necessary to get an object to accelerate

Click on the picture!

balanced forces when all the forces on an object cancel each other out, you have balanced forces no acceleration, no momentum

Click on the picture for some great questions about balanced and unbalanced forces.

unbalanced forces when forces dont cancel each other out, there is movement. This is a result of unbalanced forces.

Click on the picture for some information about unbalanced forces.

Click on the picture for some information about kinds of forces.

Unit: 3

FORCE
Effects of forces

Force
The environment affects a body by exerting forces on it.

Force simply as a push and pull.

Force
Force is the effect of pull and push.

Boy exerts a pull on the rope

Boy exerts a push on the boat

SI unit of force
SI Unit of force

newton , N

-1 1 N = 1 kg x 1 ms

Effects of Force
Force can change the shape and size of an object

Effects of Force
Force can
change the motion of the body by: Moving a stationary body. Increasing speed or accelerating a body; Decreasing speed or decelerating a body;(i.e.stop a body)

Effects of Force
Force can Change the direction of motion of an object.

Newtons law 2nd Law of Motion

The Second Law

The acceleration of an object is directly proportional to and in the same direction as the resultant force acting on it, and inversely proportional to the mass of the object.

2nd Law
Thus, a F and a 1/m

Hence,

F/m

F ma

F = ma
If m = 1 kg, a = 1 ms-2

F = 1 kg x 1 ms-2 = 1 N

2nd Law
Since F = ma = m(v-u)/t as (mass x velocity) = momentum and (mv - mu) / t is the rate of change of momentum Therefore, 2rd Law can be stated as

The rate of change of the momentum of an object is equal to the unbalanced force applied to it. The direction of momentum takes place in the direction of the force.

2nd Law

F = ma
1 Newton is a force which causes a mass of 1 kilogram to have an acceleration of 1 ms-2.

Simple illustration of 2nd Law

The second law is really a description of how a body responds mechanically to its environment.
The influence of the environment is the net force, F, the bodys response is the acceleration, a, and the strength of the response is the inversely proportional to the mass, m.

Nov 1991 1. A horizontal force of 5 N was applied to a block of mass 2 kg resting on a frictionless table. What was the acceleration of the block? A B C D 0.4 ms-2 2.5 ms-2 10 ms-2 25 ms-2

Hint: F =ma

GCE O

Nov 1994

2. A horizontal force of 5 N was applied to a block of mass 2 kg, resting on a frictionless table. What was the acceleration of the block ? A B C D 0.4 ms-2 2.5 ms-2 10.0 ms-2 25.0 ms-2

Nov 1998
3. A horizontal force of 8 N is applied to to a block of mass 2 kg, resting on a frictionless table. What is the acceleration of the block? A B C D 0.25 ms-2 4.0 ms-2 6.0 ms-2 16 ms-2

Hint: F = ma

Observations
The acceleration of the given body is directly proportional to the applied force. This means that the ratio of the acceleration is always constant.

F1 F2 F3 = = = constant a1 a2 a 3
The constant is a measure of how effective is the given force in producing acceleration. This ratio is the property of the body called mass.

F m= a

A force of 1 newton (1N) is that resultant force that will give a 1-kg mass an acceleration of 1 m/s2. The newton (N) is the SI unit of force.

Newtons 2nd Law of Motion

Applying a constant force of 12 N in succession to 1-, 2- and 3-kg masses will produce accelerations of 12 m/s2, 6 m/s2 and 4m/s2, respectively.

F 12N a = = = 12 m/s2 m1 1kg F 12N 2 a = = = 6 m/s m2 2 kg F 12N a = = = 4 m/s2 m3 3kg

Newtons Second Law of Motion:

Whenever an unbalanced force acts on a body, it produces in the direction of the force an acceleration that is directly proportional to the force and inversely proportional to the mass of the body.

Fnet = ma F = + F1 + F2 + F3 +
Force (N) = mass (kg) x acceleration (m/s2) Force (lb) = mass (slug) x acceleration (ft/s2)

1 lb = 4.448 N

1 slug = 14.59 kg

Illustrative Example 2
It is determined that a resultant force of 60 N will give a wagon an acceleration of 10 m/s2. What force is required to give the wagon an acceleration of 2 m/s2?

F 60N m = = = 6 kg 2 a 10m/s

F = ma = (6kg)(2
F = 12 N

2 m/s )

Illustrative Example 3
A 1000kg car moving north at 100 km/h brakes to a stop in 50 m. What are the magnitude and direction of the force?
Given: m = 1000kg; vi = 100 km/h = 27.8 m/s; vf = 0 Find: Fnet = ? Formula: Fnet = ma

vf vi a = t

a=

0 27.8 m/s 3.6 s

X 50 m t = = v 13.9 m/s

t = 3.6 s

a = 7.72 m/s2

F = ma = (1000kg)(- 7.72

2 m/s )

F = 7720 N, South
Therefore, we can summarize as follows:

SI: W(N) = mkg) x g(9.8m/s2)

English: W(lb) = m(slug) x g(32 ft/s2)

Relationship Between Mass and Weight

MASS is a universal constant equal to the ratio of the bodys weight to the gravitational acceleration due to gravity. WEIGHT is the force of gravitational attraction and varies depending of the acceleration due to gravity.

W = mg

or

W m = g

(1)The mass of a particle is equal to its weight divided by the acceleration due to gravity.
(2)Weight has the same units as the unit of force. (3)The acceleration of gravity has the same units as acceleration.

Illustrative Examples
What is the weight of a 4.8-kg mailbox? What is the mass of a 40-N tank? What is the mass of a 60-lb child? What is the weight of a 7-slug man? W = mg = (4.8kg)(9.8 m/s2)= 47N m = F/g = (40N)/(9.8 m/s2)= 4.08 kg m = F/g = (60lb)/(32 ft/s2)= 1.9 slug W = mg = (7slug)(32 m/s2)= 224 lb

Illustrative Example 2
Find the weight of the body whose weight on Earth is 100 N. If this mass were taken to a distant planet where g = 2.0 m/s2, what would be its weight on that planet?

Given: WE = 100N; gE = 9.80 m/s2 gP = 2.0 m/s2 Find: WP = ?

Solution
Mass on Earth:

m=

WE gE

100 N 9.80 m/s2

= 10.2 kg

Weight on the planet:

WP = mgP = (10.2 kg)(2 m/s2) WP = 20.4 N

Ans.: a = 1.63 m/s2; m = 81.6 kg on both places

Try this!
A woman weighs 800 N on Earth. When she walks on the moon, she weighs only 133 N. What is the acceleration due to gravity on the Moon, and what is her mass on the Moon? On the Earth?

Practice Exercise (p.61-62)

1. A ball is accelerated from rest at a rate of 1.20 m/s2 after a force of 20.0 n is applied. What is the mass of the ball? Solution 2. A 15.0-kg box is pushed by two boys with forces of 15.0 N and 18.0 toward the right. What is the magnitude and direction of the acceleration of the box? Solution 3. If the forces in number 2 are applied opposite each other, what is the magnitude and direction of the acceleration? Solution

Solution:
1. A ball is accelerated from rest at a rate of 1.20 m/s2 after a force of 20.0 n is applied. What is the mass of the ball?

Given: Fnet = 20.0 N;

a = 1.20m/s2

Find: m = ?

F = ma
20.0 N F m = = = 16.7 kg 2 1.20 m/s a

Solution:
2. A 15.0kg box is pushed by two boys with forces of 15.0 N and 18.0 toward the right. What is the magnitude and direction of the acceleration of the box?

Given: m = 15.0 kg; F1 = +15.0 N; F2 = +18.0 N Find: a = ?

Fnet = F1 + F2 = ma Fnet 15.0 N + 18.0 N a = = m 15.0 kg

a = 2.20 m/s2

Solution:
2. A 15.0kg box is pushed by two boys with forces of 15.0 N and 18.0 toward the right. What is the magnitude and direction of the acceleration of the box?

Given: m = 15.0 kg; F1 = +15.0 N; F2 = +18.0 N Find: a = ?

Fnet = F1 + F2 = ma Fnet 15.0 N + 18.0 N a = = m 15.0 kg

a = 1.53 m/s2 to the right

Solution:
3. If the forces in number 2 are applied opposite each other, what is the magnitude and direction of the acceleration?

Given: m = 15.0 kg; F1 = +15.0 N; F2 = -18.0 N Find: a = ?

Fnet = F1 + F2 = ma Fnet 15.0 N - 18.0 N a = = m 15.0 kg

a = 0.2 m/s2 to the left

The Atwood Machine

T
a

T T T m m mg a

M
Mg

The Atwood Machine

For mass M: T Mg = - Ma Eq. 1 Mg - T = Ma For mass m: T mg = ma

T m

Mg

Eq. 2

mg
Mm

Conbining eq.1 & eq. 2: Mg - T = Ma + T mg = ma Mg - mg = (M + m)a

a = g
M+m

Example: Atwood Machine

A 2.0-kg body and a 5.0-kg body are each suspended at the end of a cord that passes over a frictionless pulley. (a) What is the acceleration of the system? (b) What is a the tension on the cord?

T
2.0 kg

T
5.0 kg

Vertical and horizontal problems

m1
A 2.00-kg hanging block pulls a 3.00-kg block along a frictionless table. Calculate for the acceleration of the system and the tension on the cord.

m2

Vertical and horizontal problems

m1
m1 T T T T

a m2

Fnet = T = m1a - eq.1

m2

w2

Fnet = T- w2 = -m2a or w2 T = m2a - eq.2

Since the blocks are connected by a single cord, the tension T of the cord for both blocks is the same, thus similar rate of motion for both.

T = m1a w2 T = m2a

---- Eq. 1 ---- Eq. 2

Combining the 2 equations gives:

w2 = m1a + m2a w2 = (m1 + m2)a w2 a = (m1 + m2)

Working equation

For acceleration:

w2 a = (m1 + m2)
a =
(3.0 kg + 2.0 kg) (2.00kg)(9.80 m/s2)

a = 3.92 m/s2
For the tension: from eq.1

T = m1a = (3.0 kg)(3.92m/s2)= 11.8 N

Another Example

Example: Horizontal and Vertical motion

A 100-g mass lies on a frictionless table and a cord is attached to it. The cord passes over a pulley at the edge of the table and at the free end, a 10-g mass is hung. Find the acceleration of the system and the tension on the cord.
100 g

10 g

 A 100-g mass lies on a frictionless table and a cord is attached to it. The cord passes over a pulley at the edge of the table and at the free end, a 10-g mass is hung. Find the acceleration of the system and the tension on the cord.

Solution

The acceleration:

The tension:
Isolating the 10-g mass, the tension T acts upward and the acceleration downward. The unbalanced force F = (9800 T)dynes. Applying the second law:

w2 a = (m1 + m2)

10g (980cm/s2) a = F = ma (100g + 10g) 9800-T = 10g(89.1cm/s2)

a = 89.1

cm/s2

T = 9800dy 891dy
T = 8910 dynes

Vertical and horizontal problems

T2
m1

T1

T2
m2

T1
m3

If a 100-g counter weight is attached on the left side of m1 which is 300 g, and a 200-g mass on the right, what would be the acceleration of the system and the tensions on the left and right cords?

Free-body Diagrams T2 T2
m2

m1

T1

m1 = 300 g m2 = 100g m3 = 200 g

Fnet = T1 T2 = m1a

T1 a w3 a
m3

Fnet = T2 W2 = m2a

Fnet = T1 W3 = -m3a

w3

Combining the 3 equations yields:

T1 T2 = m1a + T2 W2 = m2a
+

Fnet1 = T1 T2 = m1a Fnet2 = T2 W2 = m2a Fnet3 = T1 W3 = -m3a

W3 T1 = m3a

W3 W2 = (m1 + m2 + m3)a

a =
m1 + m2 + m3

W3 W2

Working equation

a =
m1 + m2 + m3

W3 W2

m1 = 300 g m2 = 100g m3 = 200 g

=
0.3 kg + 0.2 kg + 0.1 kg

(0.2kg)(9.8m/s2) (0.1kg)(9.8m/s2)

a = 1.63

2 m/s

T1 T2 = m1a Eq.1 T2 W2 = m2a Eq.2 W3 T1 = m3a Eq.3

For Tensions, T1 and T2

m1 = 300 g m2 = 100g m3 = 200 g

Using Equation 3

W3 T1 = m3a m3g T1 = m3a T1 = m3g m3a T1 = m3(g a) T1 = 0.2kg(9.8m/s2 1.63m/s2) T1 = 1.63 N

Using Equation 2
T2 W2 = m2a T2 m2g = m2a T2 = m2a + m2g T2 = m2(g a) T2 = 0.1kg(9.8m/s2 + 1.63m/s2) T2 = 1.14 N

Using Equation 1
T1 T2 = m1a 1.63N T2 = 0.3kg(1.63m/s2)
1.63N T2 = 0.489 N T2 = 1.63N 0.489 N T1 = 1.63 N

T2 = 1.14 N

Solution
a = g
M+m
Mm

a = (9.8m/s2)
5kg + 2kg

5kg 2kg

a = 4.2 m/s2

Another Solution
F = ma
Unbalanced force F: F = W2 + W1 = 5kg(9.8m/s2) 2kg(9.8m/s2)

T a
2.0 kg

T
5.0 kg

= 49 N 19.6 N = 29.4N

The moving masses: m = 2kg + 5kg = 7kg

w1

w2

The acceleration: F = ma 29.4N = 7kg (a) a = 29.4 N / 7kg = 4.2 m/s2

Solution: The tension on the cord

Consider the 2.0-kg body as the moving part of the system. We can isolate it as shown in the free-body diagram on the right. Let T be the
tension on the cord. The unbalanced force is T W1. The acceleration is 4.2 m/s2.

T a
2.0 kg

F = ma T 19.6N = (2.0kg)(4.2m/s2) T = 8.4 N + 19.6 N = 28.0 N