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TOPIC:
GASES
Gases are one of the most pervasive aspects of our environment on the Earth. We continually exist with constant exposure to gases of all forms. The steam formed in the air during a hot shower is a gas. The Helium used to fill a birthday balloon is a gas. The oxygen in the air is an essential gas for life.
GASES
A windy day or a still day is a result of the difference in pressure of gases in two different locations. A fresh breeze on a mountain peak is a study in basic gas laws.
The Kinetic Molecular Theory is a single set of descriptive characteristics of a substance known as the Ideal Gas. All real gases require their own unique sets of descriptive characteristics. Considering the large number of known gases in the World, the task of trying to describe each one of them individually would be an awesome task. In order to simplify this task, the scientific community has decided to create an imaginary gas that approximates the behavior of all real gases. In other words, the Ideal Gas is a substance that does not exist. The Kinetic Molecular Theory describes that gas. While the use of the Ideal Gas in describing all real gases means that the descriptions of all real gases will be wrong, the reality is that the descriptions of real gases will be close enough to correct that any errors can be overlooked.
The Nature of Gases 2. Particles in a gas move rapidly in constant random motion
Move in straight paths, changing direction only when colliding with one another or other objects Average speed of O2 in air at 20 oC is an amazing 1660 km/h! (1.6km=1mile)
Why did the balls eventually stop swinging? The collisions were not perfectly elastic, some kinetic energy was lost as heat during each collision. At constant temperatures and low to moderate pressures, collisions between gas particles are perfectly elastic
..but in reality the ball loses height and eventually stops bouncing
Is converted Which is converted to kinetic to kinetic energy energy in the ball in the ball
The gas consists of objects with a defined mass and zero volume. The gas particles travel randomly in straight-line motion where their movement can be described by the fundamental laws of mechanics. All collisions involving gas particles are elastic; the kinetic energy of the system is conserved even though the kinetic energy among the particles is redistributed. The gas particles do not interact with each other or the with the walls of any container. The gas phase system will have an average kinetic energy that is proportional to temperature; the kinetic energy will be distributed among the particles according to a Boltzmann type of distribution.
Boltzman Distribution. The behaviour of the gas molecules under the action of gravity.
Maxwell Distribution. Experiment with Galton board demonstrates the statistical sense of Maxwell distribution.
This animation illustrates the concept of free path length of molecules in a gas.
x x
Non-Ideal Gas
Violates Assumptions
Volume of molecules Attractive forces of molecules
(courtesy F. Remer)
Ideal Gases
Behave as described by the ideal gas equation; no real gas is actually ideal
Within a few %, ideal gas equation describes most real gases at room temperature and pressures of 1 atm or less In real gases, particles attract each other reducing the pressure Real gases behave more like ideal gases as pressure approaches zero.
Atmospheric Pressure
Weight of column of air above your head. We can measure the density of the atmosphere by measuring the pressure it exerts.
Atmospheric Pressure
Pressure = Force per Unit Area Atmospheric Pressure is the weight of the column of air above a unit area. For example, the atmospheric pressure felt by a man is the weight of the column of air above his body divided by the area the air is resting on P = (Weight of column)/(Area of base)
Pressure Measurement
Torricelli's Barometer
Torricelli determined from this experiment that the pressure of the atmosphere is approximately 30 inches or 76 centimeters (one centimeter of mercury is equal to 13.3 millibars. He also noticed that height of the mercury varied with changes in outside weather conditions.
For climatological and meteorological purposes, standard sea-level pressure is said to be 76.0 cm or 29.92 inches or 1013 millibars
The Nature of Gases Atmospheric pressure results from the collisions of air molecules with objects
Decreases as you climb a mountain because the air layer thins out as elevation increases
Barometer is the measuring instrument for atmospheric pressure; dependent upon weather
760 torr*
14.7 lb/in2
1.01325 bar
Engineering
Meteorology, chemistry, physics
Change in Pressure
Gas Pressure defined as the force exerted by a gas per unit surface area of an object
Due to: a) force of collisions, and b) number of collisions No particles present? Then there cannot be any collisions, and thus no pressure called a vacuum
Manometers
Manometers measure a pressure difference by balancing the weight of a fluid column between the two pressures of interest
Rules of thumb:
When evaluating, start from the known
pressure end and work towards the unknown end At equal elevations, pressure is constant in the SAME fluid When moving down a manometer, pressure increases When moving up a manometer, pressure decreases Only include atmospheric pressure on open ends
Manometers
Manometers
Example 2
P = x h + PO
Find the pressure at point A in this open utube manometer with an atmospheric pressure Po PD = H2O x hE-D + Po Pc = PD PB = PC - Hg x hC-B PA = PB
Temperature
The temperature variable is always symbolized as T. It is critical to remember that all temperature values used for describing gases must be in terms of absolute kinetic energy content for the system. Consequently, T values must be converted to the Kelvin Scale. To do so when having temperatures given in the Celsius Scale remember the conversion factor Kelvin = Celsius + 273 According to the Kinetic Molecular Theory, every particle in a gas phase system can have its own kinetic energy. Therefore, when measuring the temperature of the system, the average kinetic energy of all the particles in the system is used. The temperature variable is representing the position of the average kinetic energy as expressed on the Boltzmann Distribution.
Pressure
The pressure variable is represented by the symbol P. The pressure variable refers to the pressure that the gas phase system produces on the walls of the container that it occupies. If the gas is not in a container, then the pressure variable refers to the pressure it could produce on the walls of a container if it were in one. The phenomenon of pressure is really a force applied over a surface area. It can best be expressed by the equation
Pressure
Consider the Pressure equation and the impact of variables on it. The force that is exerted is dependent upon the kinetic energy of the particles in the system. If the kinetic energy of the particles increases, for example, then the force of the collisions with a given surface area will increase. This would cause the pressure to increase. Since the kinetic energy of the particles is increased by raising the temperature, then an increase in temperature will cause an increase in pressure. If the walls of the container were reduced in total surface area, there would be a change in the pressure of the system. By allowing a given quantity of gas to occupy a container with a smaller surface area, the pressure of the system would increase.
Pressure
As this container of gas is heated, the temperature increases. As a result, the average kinetic energy of the particles in the system increases. With the increase in kinetic energy, the force on the available amount of surface area increases. As a result, the pressure of the system increases. Eventually,......................... .Ka-Boom
Volume
The Volume variable is represented by the symbol V. It seems like this variable should either be very easy to work with or nonexistent. Remember, according to the Kinetic Molecular Theory, the volume of the gas particles is set at zero. Therefore, the volume term V seems like it should be zero. In this case, that is not true. The volume being referred to here is the volume of the container, not the volume of the gas particles. The actual variable used to describe a gas should be the amount of volume available for the particles to move around in. In other words
Volume
Since the Kinetic Molecular Theory states that the volume of the gas particles is zero, then the equation simplifies. As a result, the amount of available space for the gas particles to move around in is approximately equal to the size of the container. Thus, as stated before, the variable V is the volume of the container.
Moles
The final gas law variable is the quantity of gas. This is always expressed in terms of moles. The symbol that represents the moles of gas is n. Notice that, unlike the other variables, it is in lower case. Under most circumstances in chemistry, the quantity of a substance is usually expressed in grams or some other unit of mass. The mass units will not work in gas law mathematics. Experience has shown that the number of objects in a system is more descriptive than the mass of the objects. Since each different gas will have its own unique mass for the gas particles, this would create major difficulties when working with gas law mathematics. The whole concept of the Ideal Gas says that all gases can be approximated has being the same. Considering the large difference in mass of the many different gases available, using mass as a measurement of quantity would cause major errors in the Kinetic Molecular Theory. Therefore, the mole will standardize the mathematics for all gases and minimize the chances for errors.
Conclusions
There are four variables used mathematically for describing a gas phase system. While the units used for the variables may differ from problem to problem, the conceptual aspects of the variables remain unchanged. 1. T, or Temperature, is a measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles in the system and MUST be expressed in the Kelvin Scale. 2. P, or Pressure, is the measure of the amount of force per unit of surface area. If the gas is not in a container, then P represents the pressure it could exert if it were in a container. 3. V, or Volume, is a measure of the volume of the container that the gas could occupy. It represents the amount of space available for the gas particles to move around in. 4. n, or Moles, is the measure of the quantity of gas. This expresses the number of objects in the system and does not directly indicate their masses.
Gas Laws
(1) When temperature is held constant, the density of a gas is proportional to pressure, and volume is inversely proportional to pressure. Accordingly, an increase in pressure will cause an increase in density of the gas and a decrease in its volume. Boyless Law (2) If volume is kept constant, the pressure of a unit mass of gas is proportional to temperature. If temperature increase so will pressure, assuming no change in the volume of the gas. (3) Holding pressure constant, causes the temperature of a gas to be proportional to volume, and inversely proportional to density. Thus, increasing temperature of a unit mass of gas causes its volume to expand and its density to decrease as long as there is no change in pressure. - Charless Law
Boyles Law
Hyperbolic Relation Between Pressure and Volume
T1 T T 2 3 T3 >T2>T1
isotherms
V
p V Diagram
(courtesy F. Remer)
Charles Law
Linear Relation Between Temperature and Pressure
V1 <V2 <V3
V1
V2 V3
isochors
100
200
300
T (K)
P T Diagram
(courtesy F. Remer)
Charles Law
Real data must be obtained above liquefaction temperature. Experimental curves for different gasses, different masses, different pressures all extrapolate to a common zero.
Compression and expansion of adiabatically isolated gas is accompanied by its heating and cooling.
PV = nRT
R = ideal gas constant
PV = nRT
R is known as the universal gas constant
Using STP conditions P V
PV nT
T
mol-K
= 0.0821 L-atm
Learning Check
What is the value of R when the STP value for P is 760 mmHg?
Solution
What is the value of R when the STP value for P is 760 mmHg? R = PV = (760 mm Hg) (22.4 L)
nT
(1mol)
(273K)
Learning Check
Dinitrogen monoxide (N2O), laughing gas, is used by dentists as an anesthetic. If 2.86 mol of gas occupies a 20.0 L tank at 23C, what is the pressure (mmHg) in the tank in the dentist office?
Solution
Set up data for 3 of the 4 gas variables Adjust to match the units of R V = 20.0 L T = 23C + 273 n = 2.86 mol P = ? 20.0 L 296 K 2.86 mol ?
(20.0 L)
(K-mol)
= 2.64 x 103 mm Hg
Learning Check
A 5.0 L cylinder contains oxygen gas at 20.0C and 735 mm Hg. How many grams of oxygen are in the cylinder?
Solution
Solve ideal gas equation for n (moles) n = PV RT = (735 mmHg)(5.0 L)(mol K)
(62.4 mmHg L)(293 K) = 0. 20 mol O2 x 32.0 g O2 = 6.4 g O2 1 mol O2
Density of a Gas
Calculate the density in g/L of O2 gas at STP. From STP, we know the P and T.
P = 1.00 atm T = 273 K
Rearrange the ideal gas equation for moles/L PV = nRT PV = nRT P = n RTV RTV RT V
0.0446 mol O2 1L
32.0 g O2 1 mol O2
1.43 g/L
Formulas of Gases
A gas has a % composition by mass of 85.7% carbon and 14.3% hydrogen. At STP the density of the gas is 2.50 g/L. What is the molecular formula of the gas?
Formulas of Gases
Calculate Empirical formula 85.7 g C x 1 mol C = 7.14 mol C/7.14 = 1 C 12.0 g C 14.3 g H x 1 mol H = 14.3 mol H/ 7.14 = 2 H 1.0 g H Empirical formula = CH2 EF mass = 12.0 + 2(1.0) = 14.0 g/EF
2.50 g 1L
22.4 L 1 mol =
56.0 g/mol
n = EF/ mol
molecular formula
CH2 x 4 = C 4H 8
Solution
lb Fe g Fe mol Fe mol H2 L H2
1.00 x 103 lb x 453.6 g x 1 mol Fe x 1 mol H2 1 lb 55.9 g 1 mol Fe x 22.4 L H2 = 1.82 x 105 L H2 1 mol H2
Charles generated 182,000 L of hydrogen to fill his air balloon.
Learning Check
How many L of O2 are need to react 28.0 g NH3 at 24C and 0.950 atm? 4 NH3(g) + 5 O2(g) 4 NO(g) + 6 H2O(g)
Solution
Find mole of O2 28.0 g NH3 x 1 mol NH3 x 5 mol O2
17.0 g NH3 = 2.06 mol O2 4 mol NH3
V = nRT = P
Mixture of gases
Learning Check
A.If the atmospheric pressure today is 745
1) 35.6
2) 156
3) 760
B. At an atmospheric pressure of 714, what is the partial pressure (mm Hg) N2 in the air? 1) 557 2) 9.14 3) 0.109
Solution
A.If the atmospheric pressure today is 745
2) 156
B. At an atmospheric pressure of 714, what is the partial pressure (mm Hg) N2 in the air? 1) 557
Partial Pressure
Partial Pressure
Pressure each gas in a mixture would exert if it were the only gas in the container
Partial Pressures
The total pressure of a gas mixture depends on the total number of gas particles, not on the types of particles. STP P = 1.00 atm P = 1.00 atm
0.50 mol O2 + 0.20 mol He + 0.30 mol N2
1.0 mol He
Health Note
When a scuba diver is several hundred feet
under water, the high pressures cause N2 from the tank air to dissolve in the blood. If the diver rises too fast, the dissolved N2 will form bubbles in the blood, a dangerous and painful condition called "the bends". Helium, which is inert, less dense, and does not dissolve in the blood, is mixed with O2 in scuba tanks used for deep descents.
Learning Check
A 5.00 L scuba tank contains 1.05 mole of
O2 and 0.418 mole He at 25C. What is the partial pressure of each gas, and what is the total pressure in the tank?
Solution G20
P = nRT V
PT =
PT = PO + PHe
2
Micro Effusion
Macro Effusion