*

II- Sampaguita Group 3 Emman, John Paul Jamison, Diel Santos, Ralph Timbreza, Hanz Montales, Lara

* Hydropower * It

is the electricity or power that is generated from the energy of moving water. Hydro means water. is a renewable source of energy. It is constantly being refilled by the water cycle, specifically precipitation.

* Ancient

Greek farmers have used water wheels to grind wheat into flour. * In the early 1800s, American and European factories made use of the water wheel to run machines. * In the late 19th century, hydropower was used for generating electricity. * Waterwheels and mills were used for irrigation and mining. * Hydropower was the foremost source of energy for new inventions.

* In the 1830s, hydropower provided the energy

for transportation up and down steep hills.

* In

1848, the turbine was created, improving the waterwheels and mills which were bulky and slow. Turbines are specific to each site. the Niagara Falls in 1879.

* The first hydroelectric power plant was built at

* In

the late 1940s, big dams for hydropower had been built.

* The first and foremost use of hydropower is to

generate electricity. * Hydropower also powers machines. * Hydropower has been used for irrigation and operating mechanical devices (such as water mills, sawmills, and dock cranes) during ancient times. * Water mills produced flour from grain, sawed timber and stone, and pounded linen into paper. They also extracted metal from ores.

*A

hydropower plant has three parts: the power plant where electricity is produced, the dam, and the reservoir. * The amount of electricity depends on the head and flow. The head is the height of the water or the distance from the highest point of the water to where it goes through the turbine. Flow is how much water moves through the system. * Dams are artificial waterfalls that control the flow of water. * Dams are built on rivers wherein the landscape will create a reservoir or artificial lake above the dam. Reservoirs store the water coming from the rivers.

* When the dam gates are open, the water flows

through a pipe called a penstock and pushes on the turbines, causing them to turn. They power a generator which produces the electricity. gates release extra water in heavy rainfall. Dams expel water when needed for electricity production.

* Spillway

* Hydropower

is the least expensive method of generating electricity. The flowing water is free and renewable by the water cycle.

* It is readily available. It can be controlled easily. * Hydropower can store energy. The water can * It wastes less energy. * Dams control flooding and the water supply. * Hydropower plants are dependable and last
The maintenance costs are quite low.

be saved and managed efficiently, depending on the seasons. It can also be used again and again.

long.

* Hydropowers source of energy is clean. * Hydro plants do not release pollutants into the
air because they do not burn fuel. as swimming and boating

* Reservoirs can also offer leisure activities, such

* Hydropower

may become more expensive in the future. Licensing and assessing dams is a long and expensive process. * Wildlife habitats can be changed or destroyed. Fish, for example, may not be able to swim upstream to reproduce. Their spawning and migratory patterns are disrupted. * The water quality can also be degraded as the hydro plant blends in dissolved metals. * Hydropower can increase silting, alter water temperatures, and lower the amount of dissolved oxygen in the water.

* In

the present day, we use these methods for hydropower:

* Conventional dams * Run-of-the-river (Gets * Pumped-storage

currents again and again)

the kinetic energy of rivers without building dams) (Water is pumped and used

* Dams that make use of marine bodies of water or

* Hydropower

provides almost 1/5 of the worlds total electricity. the Three Gorges on the Yangtze River in China.

* One of the largest hydropower plants in the world is

* China,

Canada, Brazil, United States, and Russia were the five largest hydropower producers in 2004.
of Philippines hydropower plants are the Caliraya Hydroelectric Power Plant in Lumban, Laguna, and the Botocan Hydroelectric Power Plant in Majayjay, Laguna.

* Examples

Research * No author. (January 4, 2012). Hydropower. Retrieved January 16, 2012 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydropower. * The NEED Project. (2011). Hydropower. Retrieved January 16, 2012 from www.need.org/needpdf/infobook_activities/SecInfo/HydroS.pdf. * Society of Petroleum Engineers. (2011). Hydropower. Retrieved January 16, 2012 from http://www.energy4me.org/energy-facts/energysources/hydropower/. * National Geographic. (n.d.) Hydropower: Going with the Flow. Retrieved January 16, 2012 from http://environment.nationalgeographic.com/environment/globalwarming/hydropower-profile/. * No author. (January 9, 2008). First and Oldest (Hydroelectric) Power Plants in the Philippines. Retrieved January 16, 2012 from http://www.jcmiras.net/surge/p77.htm. Images * Victoria, L. (November 19, 2010). Putting the Hydro Industrys Fox in Charge of the Henhouse? Retrieved January 16, 2012 from http://peakwater.org/tag/wcdworld-commission-on-dams/. Picture from: www.gis.rdg.co.uk. * Bonsor, K. (n.d.) How Hydropower Plants Work. Retrieved January 16, 2012 from http://science.howstuffworks.com/environmental/energy/hydropowerplant1.htm.