EVAPORATOR

Evaporation
An evaporator is a device used to turn the liquid form of a chemical into its gaseous form. The liquid is evaporated, or vaporized, into a gas.

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Evaporation
Evaporators are used to separate materials based on differences in their boiling temperatures. Evaporation is the removal of volatile solvent from a solution or relatively dilutes slurry by vaporizing the solvent.

Working Principle
The solution containing the desired product is fed into the evaporator and passes across a heat source. The applied heat converts the water in the solution into vapor. The vapor is removed from the rest of the solution and is condensed while the nowconcentrated solution is either fed into a second evaporator or is removed.

Applications
Pharmaceutical Industry Food and beverage Industry Air conditioning system

Classification of Evaporator
Natural circulation Evaporator Forced circulation Evaporator

Natural Circulation Evaporator

Natural circulation evaporators are based on the evaporation of the product caused by the density differences that arise from heating. In an evaporator using tubing, after the water begins to boil, bubbles will rise and cause circulation, facilitating the separation of the liquid and the vapor at the top of the heating tubes. The amount of evaporation that takes place depends on the temperature difference between the steam and the solution.

Types of Natural Circulation evaporators

Short tube vertical evaporator Basket type vertical evaporator Long tube vertical evaporator

Forced Circulation Evaporator

Forced circulation can be used by inserting a pump to increase pressure and circulation. Forced circulation occurs when hydrostatic head prevents boiling at the heating surface. A pump can also be used to avoid fouling that is caused by the boiling of liquid on the tubes. The residing time is undefined and the consumption of steam is very high, but at high temperatures, good circulation is easily achieved.

Types of Forced Circulation Evaporators

Falling film Evaporator Climbing or Rising film Evaporator Agitated Thin film Evaporator The Plate Evaporator

Short-Tube Vertical Evaporators (STV)

It has a short tube bundle enclosed in a shell called calandria. Calandria is annular in shape. Feed is supplied through a nozzle above the upper tube sheet & steam inlet is through calandria. When we heat it, first liquid will flow up because of density gradient. Then, because of this VapourLiquid disintegration it will flow down through central open surface of calandria called downtake or downcomer.

Short-Tube Vertical Evaporators (STV)

Advantages Inexpensive Efficient heat transfer at high temperature Easy to descale Disadvantages Poor heat transfer at low temperature differences or with viscous liquids Require a great deal of floor space
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Basket-type Evaporator
The liquid is inside the tubes and the steam is outside the tubes but the down take is annular. Recirculation occurs through the annular space. The condensate drips from the bottom of the basket through a steam trap. The vapor generated by the boiling of the liquid strikes a deflector plate fixed to the steam pipe.

Basket-type Evaporator
Advantages: It can handle better scale forming solutions because of the convenience with which it can be cleaned. The heating element is held by 2 holders so it can be removed easily for repair work. Disadvantages: Like the calandria type device the basket evaporator is also unsuitable for viscous liquids because the natural circulation forces are not strong enough to circulate viscous liquids

Comparison between standard type and basket type evaporators

Standard 1 2 3 Basket

With central downtake

Without baffle The heating element cannot be removed to clean

With annular down take

With baffle The heating element can be easily removed to clean and repair

Not used for scaly liquors Can be used for scaly out liquors

Applications
These evaporators lend themselves particularly well to the evaporation of salting and scale forming liquids. They have been used successfully in the sugar, caustic soda, sodium sulfate, and similar industries, wherever difficult maintenance and entrainment problems are encountered.

Long Tube Vertical Evaporator

Vertical type evaporator differ from horizontal type evaporator in that the heating tubes are locating in a vertical position,and in that the boiling liquor is inside the tube and the heating system surrounds it. The long tube type evaporator is different from the calandria and basket vertical tube types in that the tubes are longer usually from 50 to 100 times the tube diameter.

Long Tube Vertical Evaporator

Advantages The velocity of the boiling liquor (hence the rate of heat transfer) is greater. Capacity per unit of heating surface Low cost and less floor space requirement Disadvantages: High headroom requirement, unsuitable for viscous scale forming materials.

Evaporator Auxiliaries
Vacuum Pumps Steam Traps

Float and Thermostatic Trap

The Inverted Bucket Trap Entrainment Separator