EXTERNAL INCOMPRESSIBLE VISCOUS FLOW

Details of viscous flow around an airfoil

Boundary Layer Concept
Boundary layer thickness definitions
Boundary layer on a flat plate
}
|
.
|

\
|
~
o
o
0
1 dy
U
u
*
}
|
.
|

\
|
~
o
u
0
1 dy
U
u
U
u
Displacement Thickness Momentum Thickness
Boundary layer thickness definitions
( )
}

=
0
wdy u U w U
*
o
Displacement Thickness (o *)
} }
|
.
|

\
|
~
|
.
|

\
|
=
o
o
0 0
1 1 dy
U
u
dy
U
u
*
Momentum Thickness (u )
( )
}

=
0
2
wdy u U u w U u
} }
|
.
|

\
|
~
|
.
|

\
|
=
o
u
0 0
1 1 dy
U
u
U
u
dy
U
u
U
u
Displacement Thickness and Momentum Thickness
Method of Analysis
Exact solution
- Only for laminar BL
- Using Blasius (1908) solution
Approximate
solution
- For laminar & Turbulent BL
- Using Momentum Integral
Equation, or
- Von Krmn Equation
General Form of Momentum Integral Equation
w
dx
dp
t o
} }
c
c

c
c
=
o o

0 0
udy
x
U udy u
x
y
x
o (x)
dx
a
d
c
b
x
Alternative Form of Momentum Integral Equation
( )
dx
dU
U U
x
w
-
+
c
c
= o u

t
2
This equation is valid for:
Steady flow
Incompressible flow
2-D flow
No body force

Can be applied for LAMINAR and TURBULENT boundary layers.
( )
dx
dU
U
H
dx
d
U
w
u u

t
+ + = 2
2
where H = o*/u Velocity-profile "shape factor".
Alternative Form of Momentum Integral Equation


Laminar BL Turbulent BL

Velocity-profile
"shape factor, H"

ZPG:
2.6
ZPG:
1.3
Separation:
~ 3.5
Separation:
~ 2.5
Zero Pressure Gradient BL
}
|
.
|

\
|

c
c
=
c
c
=
o

u
t
0
2 2
1 dy
U
u
U
u
x
U
x
U
w
where u/U = velocity distribution and usually is expressed as
u/U = f (y/o), also o = o (x).
In another form:
}
|
.
|

\
|
=
c
c
=
1
0
2 2
1 q
o

u
t d
U
u
U
u
dx
d
U
x
U
w
Dimensional Analysis
Darcy-Weisbach equation
Assumptions
The above equation is valid for laminar and turbulent BL, with
assumptions:

1. Steady flow
2. Incompressible flow
3. 2-D flow
4. No body forces
5. dp/dx = 0.

How to solve the BL equation?
Assume a velocity profile: u/U = f (y/o), with B.Cs:
at y = 0, u = 0,
at y = o, u = U,
at y = o, cu/cy = 0.
When u/U has been assumed, then:
|
o
u
q = = =
|
.
|

\
|

}
t tan cons d
U
u
U
u
1
0
1
|
o

u
t
dx
d
U
x
U
w
2 2
=
c
c
=


The MIE becomes:

Finally:

t
w
= f(o), and o = o (x).
How to solve the BL equation?
The rate of growth of the BL
For laminar BL flow:
For turbulent BL flow:
x
Re
.
Ux x
48 5 30
= =

o
5 1
5 1
382 0
382 0
/
x
/
Re
.
Ux
.
x
=
|
.
|

\
|
=
v o
The turbulent BL develops more rapidly than the laminar BL.
Skin Friction Coefficient (C
f
)
2
2
1
U
C
w
f

C
f
is defined as:

For laminar BL flow:
x
f
Re
.
C
730 0
=
For turbulent BL flow:
5 / 1 2
2
1
Re
0594 . 0
x
w
f
U
C = =

t
t
w
in the turbulent BL is much higher than in the laminar BL
Velocity Profiles
Fluid Flow about Immersed Bodies
Total force:
} } }
+ = =
e Bodysurfac
pressure
e Bodysurfac
shear
e Bodysurfac
F d F d F d F

Normal to the flow
Parallel to the flow
LIFT Force, F
L

(Gaya angkat)
DRAG Force, F
D

(Gaya seret)
F

F
L

F
D

dA
dA
t
w
dA
pdA
u
u
x
y
Drag Force
( ) Re f
Vd
f
A V
F
D
3 3
2
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=

A V
F
C
D
D
2
2
1

Drag (C
D
) coefficient is defined as:
( ) Re f C
D
=
Drag Coefficient for
a smooth cylinder
Variation of C
D
with Re
for a smooth flat plate
parallel to the flow
Lift Force
Lift coefficient, C
L
, is defined as
p
L
L
A V
F
C
2
2
1