Amplitude Modulation

Basic AM
Modulation
Amplitude
Spectrum
Carrier
Sideband

Modulation index
0 < m < 1
How to measure?
Modulated carrier vs baseband signal
What happens when m>1?

t E t m t v
C C m
e e cos ) cos 1 ( ) ( + =
m C
C
e e
e

Waveforms
Base Band and Modulation
m = 100%




m = 120%
Math
Real
Spectrum
Double Side Band Full Carrier
Spectrum
LSB, USB, Carrier

Efficiency
Efficiency in Using Bandwidth?
Two side bands
Efficiency in Using Power?
Carrier

Side band

Information in side band
Carrier for synchronization
R
E
R
t E
R
V
P
c c c
c
2
) (sin
2 2 2 2
=
> <
= =
e
4
2
c
usb lsb
P m
P P = =
Variations of AM
Bandwidth Efficiency
Single Side Band
Vestigial Side Band
Power Efficiency
Reduced Carrier
Suppressed Carrier
Complication
Circuits: generation, tuning, detection
Filter, tone variation, carrier recovery
AM Radio
Source
Audio, 20-20 kHz
Carrier Frequency
525 1705 kHz
Performance
5 kHz bandwidth
250-500 km range
50 V sensitivity

AM Radio
Commercial AM Radio
Circuit Diagram








Commercial Radio
Circuit Board


Block Diagram



Crucial Components
RF Amplifier
High dynamic range
Autodyne Oscillator and Mixer
Tuning
Loop Antenna
LC resonator
Intermediate Frequency Amplifiers
455 kHz
Tank circuit (double tuner) with flat center band
Diode RF Rectifier
Envelope detection
Automatic Gain Control
Strong vs weak stations
Audio Amplifier
Speaker
Heterodyne
Incoming RF
RF amplifier
Bandpass filter
Local Oscillator
Mixer
Nonlinear device or balanced mixer
Bandpass filter
Signal proportional to local oscillator strength
Intermediate Frequency (AM at 455 kHz)
No further tuning
EMI from Local Oscillator
t E t m t v
C C m RF
e e cos ) cos 1 ( ) ( + =
t E t v
IF C LO LO
) cos( ) ( e e + =
t E E t m t v
IF LO C m IF
) cos( ) sin 1 ( ) ( e e + =
Detection
Baseband Signal
Coherent Detection
AM modulation
Local oscillator
Mixer
LP filter
AC coupling
High sensitivity for low
S/N

t E t A m t v
C C RF
e cos )) ( 1 ( ) ( + =
t E t v
C LO LO
e cos ) ( =
t t E E t A m t v
C C LO C M
e e cos cos )) ( 1 ( ) ( + =
2 / )) ( 1 ( ) (
LO C LP
E E t A m t v + =
2 / ) ( ) (
LO C O
E E t A m t v =
) ( ) ( t A m t v
RF
=
Envelope Detection
Circuit
RF rectifier
Filter
RC time constant
Simple for high S/N
Waveform



Detection
Square Law Detector
Modulation
Nonlinearity
RF filter
Low pass and AC
coupling




t E t A m t v
C C RF
e cos )) ( 1 ( ) ( + =
t E t A m t v
C C sq
e
2 2 2
cos )) ( 1 ( ) ( + =
2 / )) ( 1 ( ) (
2 2
C LF RF
E t A m t v + =

2
) ( ) (
C LF
E t A m t v =
Performance
Sensitivity
Fidelity or Bandwidth
Dynamic Range
Selectivity
Adjacent channel
Image Rejection
IF
Spurious Response
Harmonics
Squelch
Noises
Static noise from transmission media
Motor boating noise from drift in frequency
Lab and Projects
Virtual Laboratory
http://www.mathworks.com/matlabcentral/fileexchange/load
Category.do
(Search: FM AM)
Matlab project
http://www.cse.ucsc.edu/classes/ee151/Winter01/
Software Radio (http://www.wpi.edu/Pubs/E-project/Available/E-
project-042805-113037/unrestricted/DASR_MQP_REPORT.pdf)
Simple AM Projects
Experiments
Agilent 33120 AM modulation
MC1496
http://www.onsemi.com/pub/Collateral/AN531-D.PDF

AM Transmitter
History
Block Diagram







Automatic Level Control
m < 1
AM Modulator
Balanced Mixer
Other Circuit
Base band signal modulates oscillator current
Power Amplifier
Impedance Matching
Maximize Power to the Load
Impedance
Z = V / I
Change V I Relation
Transformer
High current, low voltage
Low current, high voltage
RLC Networks
Frequency dependent impedance

Impedance Matching
MIT Open Courseware
http://ocw.mit.edu/NR/rdonlyres/Electrical-Engineering-and-
Computer-Science/6-776Spring-2005/025E9FB7-46C3-4718-
98EA-CBD23EEC9D98/0/lec4.pdf
Berkeley RLC Pi and T LC Network
Calculator
http://bwrc.eecs.berkeley.edu/Research/RF/projects/60GHz/matc
hing/ImpMatch.html
Role of Antenna
Impedance transformation between circuit and
free space
Short Wave Radio
Terrestrial Coverage, HAM
http://n5xu.ece.utexas.edu/hamradio/
Regenerative Receiver Project
http://www.electronics-tutorials.com/receivers/regen-radio-receiver.htm



HAM
http://www.arrl.org/hamradio.html
http://www.qsl.net/dl4yhf/
Spectral analysis of audio signals
http://www.ac6v.com/
Antenna projects
http://www.radio.org/linux/
Linux HAM

AM Stereo
Two Channels
L+R
L-R
Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
Sin, Cos: orthogonal
Increase Information Capacity Without
Increasing Bandwidth
Motorola CQUAM System
Details
Chip
Modern Application of AM
Advanced Television Systems
Committee (ATSC)
8-VSB Digital Signaling
AM Noise Analysis
DSBFC Signal and Noise

Baseband signal power:
Carrier power:
Noise spectral density:

Double sideband bandwidth:
Total noise power:

Coherent Detection
In phase noise only
S/N

) sin( ) cos( cos )) ( 1 ( ) ( t n t n t E t A m t e
C S C C C C
e e e + + =
2 /
2
C C
E S =
2 /
0
N
2 / 2 / 2
2 2
0 s c
n n N W N + = =
W 2 2
0
2 2 2
2 / / WN E A m N S
C
=
2 /
2 2 2
C M
E A m S =
2 / 2 / )) ( 1 ( ) (
LO C LO C D
E n E E t A m t e + + =
AM Noise Analysis
Envelope Detection

Signal Dominant Regime

Similar to coherent detection
Noise Dominant Regime
Noise large
Signal small with random phase


Numerical Analysis

C C s C C
n E t A m n n E t A m t e + + ~ + + + = )) ( 1 ( ] ) )) ( 1 [( ) (
2 2
| cos )) ( 1 ( ) (
2 2
C s C
E t A m n n t e + + + =
AM Review
AM Waveform
Modulation Index Limit
Double Sideband, Full Carrier
Detection Circuits
Coherent detection
Envelope detection
Variations
SSB, RC or SC
Vestigial sideband
AM Transmitter
Impedance matching
Efficiency