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Natural Selection and Adaptation

Evolutionary biologist Ernst Mayr has dissected the logic of Darwins theory into three inferences based on five observations

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 Observation #1: For any species, population sizes would increase exponentially if all individuals that are born reproduced successfully

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 Observation #2: Populations tend to be stable in size, except for seasonal fluctuations

Observation #3: Resources are limited

Inference #1: Production of more individuals than the environment can support leads to a struggle for existence among individuals of a population, with only a fraction of their offspring surviving

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 Observation #4: Members of a population vary extensively in their characteristics; no two individuals are exactly alike

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 Observation #5: Much of this variation is heritable Inference #2: Survival depends in part on inherited traits; individuals whose inherited traits give them a high probability of surviving and reproducing are likely to leave more offspring than other individuals Inference #3: This unequal ability of individuals to survive and reproduce will lead to a gradual change in a population, with favorable characteristics accumulating over generations

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 Darwin made two major points in his book: Many current species are descendants of ancestral species Natural selection is a mechanism for this evolutionary process

The Origin of Species Shook the deepest roots of Western culture Challenged a worldview that had been prevalent for centuries
Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Concept 22.1: The Darwinian revolution challenged traditional views of a young Earth inhabited by unchanging species

To understand why Darwins ideas were revolutionary, we must examine them in relation to other Western ideas about Earth and its life Untill the 19th century it was generally believed that species had remained unchanged since their creation Although it was generally accepted that some species do change (artificial selection).

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LE 22-2

Darwin baseerde zijn theorie op andere grote wetenschappers:

Linnaeus (classification) Hutton (gradual geologic change) Lamarck (species can change) Malthus (population limits) Cuvier (fossils, extinction) Lyell (modern geology) Darwin (evolution, natural selection) Mendel (inheritance) Wallace (evolution, natural selection) American Revolution U.S. Civil War French Revolution 1850 1900 1750 1800
1795 Hutton proposes his theory of gradualism. 1798 Malthus publishes Essay on the Principle of Population. 1809 Lamarck publishes his theory of evolution. 1830 Lyell publishes Principles of Geology. 18311936 Darwin travels around the world on HMS Beagle. 1837 Darwin begins his notebooks on the origin of species. 1844 Darwin writes his essay on the origin of species. 1858 Wallace sends his theory to Darwin. 1859 The Origin of Species is published. 1865 Mendel publishes inheritance papers.

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Fossils, Cuvier, and Catastrophism

The study of fossils helped to lay the groundwork for Darwins ideas

Fossils are remains or traces of organisms from the past, usually found in sedimentary rock, which appears in layers or strata
Paleontology, the study of fossils, was largely developed by French scientist Georges Cuvier

Cuvier advocated catastrophism, speculating that each boundary between strata represents a catastrophe Video: Grand Canyon
Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Theories of Gradualism
Gradualism is the idea that profound change can take place through the cumulative effect of slow but continuous processes Geologists Hutton and Lyell perceived that changes in Earths surface can result from slow continuous actions still operating today This view strongly influenced Darwins thinking

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Lamarcks Theory of Evolution

Lamarck hypothesized that species evolve through:

- use and disuse and

- the inheritance of acquired traits

The mechanisms he proposed are unsupported with evidence

Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Lamarcks Hypothesis of Evolution Which of the following statements about Lamarck are accurate?
A. Lamarck thought evolution had occurred.
B. Lamarck proposed a mechanism for evolution. C. Lamarck thought organisms became more complex because of an inner drive for complexity. D. Lamarck was wholly wrong. E. Lamarck published his ideas only after Darwin published his.
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Concept 22.2: In The Origin of Species, Darwin proposed that species change through natural selection

After Darwin graduated as a clergyman he embarked on the Beagle in 1831. In that time, most people believed that species couldnt change.

Darwin observed many examples of adaptations: characteristics of organisms that enhance their survival and reproduction in specifiek environments.

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LE 22-5

England
EUROPE NORTH AMERICA PACIFIC OCEAN ATLANTIC OCEAN AFRICA HMS Beagle in port Equator

Galpagos Islands
SOUTH AMERICA Darwin in 1840, after his return

AUSTRALIA Cape of Good Hope Tasmania New Zealand

PowerPoint Lectures for Biology, Seventh Edition Cape Horn

Neil Campbell
del Fuego and Tierra Jane Reece

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LE 22-6

PowerPoint Lectures for Biology, Seventh Edition

Neil Campbell and Jane Reece
Insect eater. The green warbler finch (Certhidea olivacea) used its narrow, pointed beak to grasp insects.

Cactus eater. The long, sharp beak of the cactus ground finch (Geospiza scandens) helps it tear and eat cactus flowers and pulp.

Seed eater. The large ground finch (Geospiza magnirostris) has a large beak adapted for cracking seeds that fall from plants to the ground.

Lectures by Chris Romero

Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

 In 1844, Darwin wrote an essay on the origin of species and natural selection but did not introduce his theory publicly, anticipating an uproar In June 1858, Darwin received a manuscript from Alfred Russell Wallace, who had developed a theory of natural selection similar to Darwins Darwin quickly finished The Origin of Species and published it the next year

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The Origin of Species

Darwin developed two main ideas: Evolution explains lifes unity and diversity Natural selection is a cause of adaptive evolution

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Descent with Modification

The phrase descent with modification summarized Darwins perception of the unity of life

The phrase refers to the view that all organisms are related through descent from an ancestor that lived in the remote past
In the Darwinian view, the history of life is like a tree with branches representing lifes diversity

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LE 22-10

Artificile selectie
Terminal bud Cabbage Lateral buds Brussels sprouts

Flower clusters Cauliflower

Leaves

Kale

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Flowers Neil Campbell and Jane Reece Stem

and stems

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Broccoli

Wild mustard

Kohlrabi

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Summary of Natural Selection

Natural selection is differential success in reproduction from interaction between individuals that vary in heritable traits and their environment Natural selection produces an increase over time in adaptation of organisms to their environment If an environment changes over time, natural selection may result in adaptation to these new conditions

Video: Seahorse Camouflage

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LE 22-11 A flower mantid in Malaysia

A stick mantid in Africa

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Neil Campbell and Jane Reece

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Concept 22.3: Evolution is supported by an overwhelming amount of scientific evidence

Direct observations of evolutionary change E.g. guppies or HIV virus Homology Anatomical structures, e.g. bonestructures Embryonic homology Vestigial structures Molecular homology, e.g. DNA, hemoglobine Fossil record
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Natural Selection in Action

Two examples provide evidence for natural selection: the effect of differential predation on guppy populations and the evolution of drugresistant HIV

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LE 22-12a

Pools with killifish but no guppies prior to transplant Experimental transplant of guppies

Predator: Killifish; preys mainly on small guppies

Guppies: Larger at sexual maturity than those in pike-cichlid pools

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Neil Campbell and Jane Reece Guppies: Smaller at sexual maturity than those in killifish pools

Lectures by Chris Romero

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The Evolution of Drug-Resistant HIV

The use of drugs to combat HIV selects for viruses resistant to these drugs

The ability of bacteria and viruses to evolve rapidly poses a challenge to our society

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Homology, Biogeography, and the Fossil Record

Evolutionary theory provides a cohesive explanation for many kinds of observations

Homology is similarity resulting from common ancestry

Homologous structures are anatomical resemblances that represent variations on a structural theme present in a common ancestor

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LE 22-14

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Neil Campbell and Jane Reece

Lectures by Chris Romero Cat Human

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Whale

Bat

LE 22-15

Comparative embryology reveals anatomical homologies not visible in adult organisms

Pharyngeal pouches

Post-anal tail
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Human embryo

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 Vestigial organs are remnants of structures that served important functions in the organisms ancestors

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Molecular Homologies
Examples of homologies at the molecular level are genes shared among organisms inherited from a common ancestor

Percent of Amino Acids That Are Identical to the Amino Acids in a Human Hemoglobin Polypeptide From 14%in Lampreys to 100% in humans

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Biogeography
Darwins observations of biogeography, the geographic distribution of species, formed an important part of his theory of evolution Some similar mammals that have adapted to similar environments have evolved independently from different ancestors

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LE 22-17

NORTH AMERICA Sugar glider

AUSTRALIA

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Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Flying squirrel

The Fossil Record

The succession of forms observed in the fossil record is consistent with other inferences about the major branches of descent in the tree of life The Darwinian view of life predicts that evolutionary transitions should leave signs in the fossil record Paleontologists have discovered fossils of many such transitional forms

Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

What Is Theoretical about the Darwinian View of Life?

In science, a theory accounts for many observations and data and attempts to explain and integrate a great variety of phenomena Darwins theory of evolution by natural selection integrates diverse areas of biological study and stimulates many new research questions

Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings