In the name of Allah Kareem, Most Beneficent, Most Gracious, the Most Merciful !

Lecture 2: Objectives

By the end of the lecture, students should be able to Understand the nature of literature review Know the purpose of literature review Know the sources of academic literature

Identify a research problem of literature review

Topic Selection and Literature Review

Topic selection- literature review is a circular process The starting point is usually selection of broad area of study to Followed by literature review Then specific topic selection, which could be refined towards the end of the study!

Topic selection depends on: Presonal interest Familarity with topic Opportunity to work with experienced colleagues

1. Identification of Topic
1

Choose Area for research Select field of research Select topic of research Refine topic of research
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Research Methodologies and Research Titles

Quantitative Research Qualitative Research

Mixed Method Research

Characteristics of Good Title

Quantitative Title
Precise identification of problem area Specification of independent and dependent variables Identification of target population Clarity, conciseness and effective arrangement of words in title

Qualitative Title
Most important conceptual issue investigated Qualitative traditions applied Participant group to which the study applies

Comparison of Titles
Qualitative Research Title
Cognizing Customer Awareness and Perception of Islamic Banking Products in Pakistan

Quantitative Research Title

Impact of Bankers Awareness, perception and Product Marketing on the Perceived Performance of Islamic Banks from the Perspective of Pakistan
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Example
Bad Title
Approach to study (Chinese student)

Good Title
Gender and nationality differences in approaches to study: Findings from English and Chinese Business Studies students Do psychology students perceptions of Psychology change over time?

Perceptions of psychology university students

An investigation into mature students, Revision styles revision styles, and examination performance in mature and examination performance and traditional-entry students Possible gender and year of study differences in the Students learning strategies: the effects of gender and orientation of students learning strategies year of study Parenting styles and academic achievement Do differences in early parenting styles affect the academic achievement of men and women undergraduates?

University students estimations intelligence versus gender

of

occupational How intelligent do you need to be to be a surgeon? Male and female students estimates of the intelligence required to carry out male, female and gender-neutral occupations

The effect of term-time employment on final year The effects of term-time employment upon the academic university students performance of final year university students Student preferences of class size in higher education Class size matters! The preferences of undergraduates

A LITERATURE REVIEW
A literature review is a body of text and its main goal is to bring the reader up to date with current literature on a topic and forms the basis for another goal, such as the justification for future research in the area. It seeks to describe, summarize, evaluate, clarify and/or integrate the content of previous researches".

Adapted from Doing Literature Review by Chris Hart (p.27)

PURPOSE OF LITERATURE REVIEW

A literature review is a body of text and its main goal is to bring the reader up to date with current literature on a topic and forms the basis for another goal, such as the justification for future research in the area. It seeks to describe, summarize, evaluate, clarify and/or integrate the content of previous researches".

The literature review in a research study accomplishes several purposes that are as follows:
1- Distinguishing what has been done form what need to be done 2- Discovering important variables relevant to the topic 3- Synthesizing and gaining a new perspective 4- Establishing the context of the topic or problem

5- Rationalizing the significance of the problem

6- Enhancing and acquiring the subject vocabulary 7- Understanding the structure of the subject 8- Relating ideas and theory to applications
11 9- Identifying the main methodologies and research techniques that have been used
Adapted from Doing Literature Review by Chris Hart (p.27)

HOW TO CODUCT LITERATURE REVIEW

There is no one way to conduct a literature review, but many scholars proceed in a systematic fashion to capture, evaluate and summarize the literature.

1. Identify the topic 2. Locate sources of literature

3. Read the literature

4. Analyze the literature 5. Assembling and organizing 6. Writing the literature

Determinants of FDI already addressed in Previous Researches

Researcher Determinants Country Analysis Findings Technique and Period Time Series Analysis for the period of 19801998 Result shows that there is a linear relationship between macroeconomic factors (market size, trade openness, infrastructure, economic stability) and FDI inflows

(Erdal & Tatoglu, 2002)

Market Size Trade openness Infrastructure Internal Economic Stability External Economic Stability

Turkey

(Buch & Toubal, 2003)

(Trevino & Jr., 2004)

Geographical Location Germany Sustain Economic Growth

Exchange Rate Consumer Price Index GDP Per Capita Risk of Host Country Domestic Privatization Low Labor Cost Innovative Markets Large Market Size Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Columbia, Mexico, Peru and Venezuela China

Trend Analysis with Different Graphs

Time Series Analysis for the period of 19881999

Both factors have Positive and significant impact on FDI inflow

Risk has no significant impact but GDP, privatization, CPI and exchange rate have significant impact on FDI

(Ho, 2004)

Time series Analysis of 1997-2002

All factors have Positive and significant impact on FDI inflow 13

2. SOURCES OF LITERATURE
To build on keys points in literature Review Process, we will first consider techniques useful in accessing the literature quickly through databases. The literature sources available to help you to develop a good understanding of and insight into previous research can be divided into three following categories:

Primary Sources

Secondary Sources

Tertiary sources

Reports Theses Emails Conference reports Company reports Some government publications Unpublished manuscript sources

Newspapers Books Journals Internet Some government publications

Indexes Abstracts Catalogues Encyclopedia Dictionaries Bibliographies Citation indexes

Adapted from research Methods for business Students by Mark Saunders (p.68)

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TERTIARY SOURCES
Tertiary Resource available at Superior can be accessed via following address

http://www.digitallibrary.edu.pk/superior.html

Or

Through Superior website www.superior.edu.pk by clicking on Digital Library link

Name Google Google Scholar Yahoo Ebscohost Springer link Blackwell synergy Oxford press
University Of Chicago Press

Type Search engine Search engine for scholarly material Search engine Database Database

Internet address www.google.com www.scholar.google.com www.yahoo.com

http://www.springerlink.com http://www.blackwell-synergy.com

Publisher Publisher

http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/oso/public/index. html http://www.journals.uchicago.edu

Adapted from research Methods for business Students by Mark Saunders (p.68)

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3.READING THE LITERATURE

Read abstract of the article or preface and introduction of book

Skim through the article/ book

Survey the main parts of the article/ book

Read in detail the selected important parts

Adapted from Doing Literature Review by Chris Hart (p.53)

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