02 - Mics Kerys Basic Reminders UK

Titre de la diapositive
Mics Kerys Basic Reminders

1
Basic Regulations meanings

Set up point : nominal adjustement point Gain : Time delays from reading to action
Stability
Droop
: Time raction to stable state

: Dead band action
Proportional : The action will be proportional of the gap in between set point and reading Integral :The main purpose of the integral gain is to have actual speed equals to requested speed.High integral gain can cause slow engine hunting (unstable). Derivative : The main purpose of the derivative gain is to stabilize the system. High drivative gain can cause very fast and erratic engine hunting (unstable).
Isochronous : No dead band ( droop = 0 )
Off set
Amplitude EFC ECU
: Value from Rfrence to set up

: Set up band action : Electro Fuel Control : Engine Contrl Unit
2
SDMO Training departement
Speed
Droop
Time
Speed
Gain
OFF ON 1
Stability
= Best setting
= Best setting Time
3
Speed adjustement
EX MTU = ref 10v 6v Off Set = 4v
U DC
Reference
Off set
EFC or ECU
Output Amplitude
Time
4
Speed governor reminder
Rgulation MODULE
Action
Read
Page 5 SDMO Training departement
Proportionnal gain
The main purpose of the propotionnal gain is to speed up/down reactions. High proportionnal gain can cause fast engine hunting (unstable).
Integral gain
The main purpose of the integral gain is to have actual speed equals to requested speed. High integral gain can cause slow engine hunting (unstable).
Derivative gain
The main purpose of the derivative gain is to stabilize the system. High drivative gain can cause very fast and erratic engine hunting (unstable).
Speed governor reminder Must-do & must-know

- Magnetic pick-up voltage must be at least 2.5 Volts at crank speed
- Do not use same pick-up for speed governor and overspeed protection
- 0Volt must be taken from the control box and not from batterie minus -Remote speed contrle should always be shielded and must be far away from power cables. -Size of the power supply leads to control box and to actuator should be twisted and are to be selected regarding distance between modules.
9
Voltage regulation reminders

STATOR WINDING EXCITER FIELD
ROTOR WINDING ROTATING RECTIFIERS AVR
Action
EXCITER ARMATURE
A.C. D.C.
Read
Rgulation MODULE
10
Basic Genset Regulations Loops

Air Fuel U / HZ
Engine
Action Read
Speed
Action
Alternator
Read
Voltage Loops EFC Speed Loops

Action
AVR
Action Read
Regulation Module
U / HZ
11
Titre de la diapositive Genset Synchronizing REMINDERS
12
Principle of synchronization
13
Important rules to synchronize two generating sets

We need : - equality of FREQUENCY - equality of VOLTAGE de la diapositive - equality of PHASE ANGLE
Titre
14
Equality of frequency
/2
/3
T1 T2
15
Equality of voltage
/2
2 /3
16
Equality of phase angle
/2
2 /3
17
Main manufacturers of synchronizing equipments used in EUROPE
By direct contact
By analogical signal BARBER COLMAN. WOODWARD. GAC. SEG. HEINZMANN. SELCO. DEIF. CEE. ( ex TECHNIREL, ex REGULATEURS GEORGIN ).
Titre de la diapositive ALSTHOM.

BASLER. WOODWARD. SEG. SELCO. DEIF. AEES. ( ex HENNEQUIN ). CEE. ( ex TECHNIREL, ex REGULATEURS GEORGIN ).
18
Live Bus synchronization Principle
19
Dead Bus synchronization principle
20
Advantage of the dead field synchronization

Availability of all generators, so a faster resumption of the activity. No risk of energy exchange during the synchronization. Titre de la diapositive Avoid magnetizing currents transformers.
21
Utilization of the neutral

Power station with one generator : The neutral can be linked to earth whatever the pitch of coil. Power station with many generators : - alternator 2/3 : Titre de la pitch diapositive Neutrals can be connected to each other or to the earth. - alternators with same pitch : Neutrals can be connected. Note: active and reactive loads must be distributed. - alternators with different pitch : Neutrals cannot be connected. If necessary to connect neutrals, place a coil between each alternator to limit current. Power station synchronised with the mains : If the neutral is connected, an alternator pitch 2/3 is needed. Reduction of power : P 2/3 = P full x 3 / 2.
22
2 Differents synchronizing sequence

Live bus synchronising 1- Start A
2- Close a 3- Start B
a b
4- Synchronised B with bus-bar

5- Close b Dead bus synchronising 1- Close a and b 2- Start A and B 3- Control speed A and B > 1450 tr /mn 4- Exitation A and B
5- Voltage rise up on bus bar
23
Dead bus synchronization avantages
Availability of all generators, so a faster resumption of the activity.
No risk of energy exchange during the synchronization. Titre de la diapositive

Avoid in-rush currents transformers.
Possibility of energising transformer bigger than generator
24
Graph - KW function to KVAR
25
The MORDEY Curve ( relation between I induced and I excitation)
26
KW & KVAR Graph given by Utility supply ( when sync with Mains)
KW Consumption KVAR Production
KW & KVAR consumption
KW & KVA Production
KVAR Consumption
KW Production
27
Load impacts
Gensets have to accept load impacts corresponding to change in a production process for example. Typically : . From 10 to 500 kVA, our gensets are able to accept in a single Titre de la diapositive step, a load impact of 75% of their nominal power. . From 500 to 2000 kVA, our gensets are able to accept in a single step a load impact of 50% of their nominal power.
NOTE : Of course this load impact will affect frequency and voltage. (except : MTU have a better abilities for load impacts, approximately 60-70 %)
28
Load Sharing REMINDERS
29
Voltage and KVAR relations
For a non-synchronized genset : - KVAR is function of loads power factor. - Action on the order of the AVR enables to adjust loads supply Titre de la diapositive voltage.
Genset synchronised with another one : - KVAR is : - function of the load. function of the behaviour of generators toward each other. - Action on the order of the AVR enables to adjust the repartition of the reactive power and the voltage of the bus bar.
30
Speed and KW relations
For a non-synchronized genset : - KW is function of loads power factor. - Action on the speed regulators instruction allows to adjust Titre de la diapositive loads supply frequency.
Genset synchronized with another one : - KW is : - function of the load. - function of the behaviour of generators toward each other. - Action on the instruction of the speed control unit allows to adjust the distribution of the KW and the Bus bar frequency.
31
KW & KVAR Diagram for generating set
32
Without KW distribution
Distribution of active power
33
KW Power Reverse and KVAR Power reverse

KW Power Reverse
KVAR Power reverse
34
Speed DROOP
35
KW distribution with DOOP Mode
36
KW distribution with DROOP Mode
37
KW distribution with DROOP Mode
38
Voltage DROOP Mode
39
KVAR distribution with DROOP Mode
40
KW distribution in isochronous Mode
41
KVAR distribution in Isovoltage Mode
42
Load sharing
Regulation module Bus can : Kerys to Kerys Bus DC : Kerys with other ILS Regulation module
Titre Digital de la
Analog
diapositive Bus DC voltage KW

( Kvar on droop mode )
Bus can : Kw Kvar
Digital
Analog
Kvar Kw
A UI
B IU
Kvar Kw
43
Speed governor Reminder- Parallel lines
44
Titre de la diapositive Electrical Genset Protections REMINDERS
45
Detection
When gensets are synchronised to the mains, we have those following regulation mode : - KW is kept in a constant value (remote controlled or not). KVAR is function of KW or constant PF cos .
Measures which allow the detection of a micro power cut are function of the following electrical parameters : -F - V - I - KW - KVAR
46
Protections
GENSET MAINS ( Grid) ( ANSI 49 ) Thermical current ( ANSI 78 ) Rocof DF/DT ( ANSI 50 ) Over Load ( ANSI 78 ) Vector Jump ( Shift ) ( ANSI 27 ) Mini Voltage ( ANSI 21 ) Minimum of impedance ( ANSI 59 ) Over Voltage ( ANSI 81 ) Mini Frquency ( ANSI 81 ) Over Frequency ( ANSI 32-2 ) Max KW ( ANSI 32 ) Max KVAR ( ANSI 32-2 ) Mini KW ( ANSI 32P ) Reverse power ( ANSI 40 / 32) Reverse reactive power ( ANSI 46 ) Imbalance current ( ANSI 51/51V) Short-cicuit ( ANSI 64) Homopolar Current ( ANSI 67 ) Directional short-circuit ( ANSI 67N ) Directional homopolar current ( ANSI 59N ) Homopolar voltage ( ANSI 87B ) Restricted ground
47
Protections - description
( ANSI 49 ) Thermical current
( ANSI 32 ) Titre
( ANSI 46 )
KVAR deMax la diapositive

Imbalance current
( ANSI 51/51V) Short-cicuit
( ANSI 64)
Homopolar Current
48
Protections - description
( ANSI 59N ) Homopolar voltage
( ANSI 87B )
Restricted ground
49
Electrical protection reminder : Vector Jump ANSI 78
This protection allows detection of loss of mains. If mains disappear when genset is paralleled with, the seen load quickly changes and the voltage curve shifts. This is the fastest way to detect loss of mains.
The threshold shift angle can be set between 0.5 and 20. The setting is choosen regarding the ratio of the genset, the load, the mains total load ...
50
Electrical protection reminder : Rocof or DF/DT ANSI 78

50,5 50 49,5
49 48,5 48 47,5 47 46,5

51
This protection allows detection of loss of mains. If mains disappear when genset is paralleled with, the seen load changes and after a delay due to engine inertia the speed/frequency decreases with a rate in accordance with the load seen The threshold rate of change can be set from 0.5Hz/s to 5Hz/s. The setting is choosen regarding the ratio of the genset, the load, the mains total load ...
Electrical protection reminder : Low impedance ANSI 21
Impedance
This protection allows detection of loss of mains for example. It monitors instantaneous impedance of the load Z=Vrms/Irms seen from the genset
The thresholds impedance can be set from 4 to 120 Ohms. The setting is choosen regarding the ratio of the genset, the load, the mains total load ...
Threshold 1
Fault area Threshold 2
Delay 2
Delay 1
Delay
52
Low impedance Diagram

Z = U/I IF U goes to 0
U
And I increase Z goes to 0
seuil
53
Electrical protection reminder : Overcurrent ANSI 50
Delay
Titre de la diapositive Fault area

Delay 1
This protection allows detection of short cicuits between phases, phase to neutral, phase to earth. It monitors instantaneous RMS currents on each phases and the sum of the currents going out of the genset.
The thresholds currents can be set from In to 5In for phase, from 0.5In to In for earth fault and from 0.3In to In for neutral fault. In is 1A or 5A. The delays can be set from 0 to 5s For earth fault current, an 8th order low pass filter removes the 3rd harmonic.
Delay 2
Threshold 1
Threshold 2
Current value
Page 23
54
Electrical protection reminder : Voltage earth fault
Delay
Delay 1
Fault area
This protection allows detection of potentially dangerous voltages on the genset. It monitors instantaneous RMS voltage between earth and neutral. The thresholds voltage can be set from 30 volts to 100 volts. An 8th order low pass filter removes the 3rd harmonic.
Delay 2
Threshold 1
Threshold 2
Voltage value
55
Electrical protection reminder : Directionnal overcurrent ANSI 67

Fault area I1
No fault area 1
=45
Reference voltage U32
This protection allows detection of short cicuits between phases, phase to neutral, phase to earth inside the generator. It monitors instantaneous RMS currents on each phases and the sum of the currents going out of the genset and compares the phase between these currents and its reference voltage.
56
Directional homopolar current ANSI 67N
57
HIGHLIGHTS Basic Reminders on Gensets
58
Current Tansformer Spcifications

I primary (A) ex: 200/5A . 5P5. 30VA . 50/60Hz .750V B 5 X In
ex: 200/5A . Cl1. 30VA . 50/60Hz . 750V A
CT are design due to the utilisation : - protection 5P5 - measure Cl1 - ratio X/5A ou X/1A - power en VA - isolation
In
5A ( In )
25A ( 5 In )
I secondary (A)
59
Measurement and protection on Neutral point

GENSET
50 21
3~
Protection Module
59 dF/dt 67N 51N 67 32 32Q
X/5 - 5P5 - 10VA
Rgulation Module
81 32P 27 59 51
32RP 32RQ
X/5 - Cl 0,5 - 10VA
60
Kerys Voltage and Current measurement

Current measure genset ( X/5A )
Voltage measure
ALTERNATOR
Voltage measure genset ( 100V 500V )
61
Triangle of the powers
Ph1 I1 Titre de la diapositive Ia1 U P = U I 3 cos N I3 Ir3 Ph3 Ia3 Ir2 I2 Ia2 Q = U I 3sin S=UI 3 Q = P tg Ph2 I= Ir+ Ia
2 2
Ir1
62
Summary about neutral regimes using C15-100 standard

Regime Number of conductors 4 poles Detection Note
TT C
Measure of residual current Without (Measure of residual current)
Trigging at the 1st default Trigging by protection against overload
3 poles 4 poles
TN
S
SN IT
3 poles 4 poles Measure of the resistance of insulation Trigging at the 2nd default by protection against overload
AN
63
Connection DELTA / STAR

PRIMARY
SECONDARY
64
Glossary of terms
PLC : Programmable Logical Controle MMI : Man Machine Interface TOR : Tout Ou Rien. = binary CPU Control Process Unit Titre de la: diapositive ECU : Engine Control Unit PC : Common Part Tactil : Tactile = touch screen display Grid : Mains = Normal IP : Internet Protocole JDB : Jeux De Barres ( French ) = Bus Bar ( english ) ILS : Isochronus Load Sharing BUS CAN : Bus Controler Area Network
65

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Titre de la diapositive

Mics Kerys Basic Reminders

Basic Regulations meanings

: Time raction to stable state

Isochronous : No dead band ( droop = 0 )

: Value from Rfrence to set up

= Best setting Time

Speed governor reminder

Page 5 SDMO Training departement

Page 6 SDMO Training departement

Page 7 SDMO Training departement

Page 8 SDMO Training departement

Speed governor reminder Must-do & must-know

Voltage regulation reminders

Basic Genset Regulations Loops

Voltage Loops EFC Speed Loops

Titre de la diapositive Genset Synchronizing REMINDERS

Important rules to synchronize two generating sets

Equality of phase angle

Main manufacturers of synchronizing equipments used in EUROPE

Titre de la diapositive ALSTHOM.

Live Bus synchronization Principle

Dead Bus synchronization principle

Advantage of the dead field synchronization

Utilization of the neutral

2 Differents synchronizing sequence

4- Synchronised B with bus-bar

5- Voltage rise up on bus bar

Dead bus synchronization avantages

Availability of all generators, so a faster resumption of the activity.

No risk of energy exchange during the synchronization. Titre de la diapositive

Possibility of energising transformer bigger than generator

Graph - KW function to KVAR

The MORDEY Curve ( relation between I induced and I excitation)

KW & KVAR consumption

KW & KVA Production

Load Sharing REMINDERS

Voltage and KVAR relations

Speed and KW relations

KW & KVAR Diagram for generating set

Distribution of active power

KW Power Reverse and KVAR Power reverse

KVAR Power reverse

KW distribution with DOOP Mode

KW distribution with DROOP Mode

KW distribution with DROOP Mode

Voltage DROOP Mode

KVAR distribution with DROOP Mode

KW distribution in isochronous Mode

KVAR distribution in Isovoltage Mode

diapositive Bus DC voltage KW

Bus can : Kw Kvar

Speed governor Reminder- Parallel lines

Page 16 SDMO Training departement

Titre de la diapositive Electrical Genset Protections REMINDERS

KVAR deMax la diapositive

( ANSI 51/51V) Short-cicuit

Electrical protection reminder : Vector Jump ANSI 78

Electrical protection reminder : Rocof or DF/DT ANSI 78

49 48,5 48 47,5 47 46,5

Electrical protection reminder : Low impedance ANSI 21

Fault area Threshold 2

Low impedance Diagram