Current Transformer Sizing

(August 19
th
, 2010)
By: Siva Singupuram
James Trinh
Agenda
Current Transformer (CT) introduction
Mathematical Modeling
Saturated Waveforms
CT saturation (Hysteresis Curve)
Remnant Flux, High Fault Currents, DC offset
Saturation Voltage,
CT ratings, Selection and Applications
ElectroMagnetic Transients Program (EMTP)/
PSCAD
Introduction CT types
Donut
Bus Bar
Hall Effect CT Magneto-Optical
Typical Current Transformers
Introduction Application
Current Transformers (CTs) are instrument transformers that are used to
supply a reduced value of current to metering, protective relays, and other
instruments. CTs provide galvanic isolation from the high voltage primary,
permit grounding of the secondary for safety, and step-down the
magnitude of the measured current to a value that can be safely handled
by the instruments (high fault currents).
To achieve the above goals CT contains
1) Iron Core
2) Secondary windings
3) Primary conductor
4) External insulation
CT Symbols
When current flows in the CT from the H1 lead polarity () lead through,
the burden (load), and return to the secondary X2 non-polarity lead. The
next half cycle the current will reverse.
ANSI IEC
Current Transformer (CT) Principle
Electrical Schematic 3D-Representation
CT Connections
ANSI Standard Letter Designation
B-The CT is a metering type
C-The CT has low leakage flux and the excitation characteristic can be used
directly to determine performance. (Accuracy can be calculated before
manufacturing)
K-Same as the C rating, but the knee point voltage must be at least 70% of
the secondary terminal voltage rating.
T-The CT can have significant leakage flux (Accuracy must be determined
by testing at the factory)
H-The CT accuracy is applicable within the entire range of secondary
currents from 5 to 20 time the nominal CT rating. (Typically wound CTs)
L-Same as C class except there were two accuracy classes 2.5% and 10%.
The ratio accuracy can be up to four times greater than the listed value,
depending on connected burden and fault current. (Typically window,
busing, or bar-type CTs)
L and H ANSI rating are applicable to old CT that where manufactured
before 1954
ANSI Standard Terminal Voltage
Class C CTs
C Class Z
STD
() V
STD
(V)
C100 1.0 100
C200 2.0 200
C400 4.0 400
C800 8.0 800
STD N STD
Z I V 20 =
For I
N
= 5A secondary
Metering Accuracy Classifications
Metering Accuracy CTs are used where a high degree of accuracy is
required from low-load values up to full-load of a system. These are
utilized by utility companies for revenue metering.
Available in Maximum Ratio Error Classes of: 0.3%, 0.6%, 1.2%, 2.4%
For Burdens (Loads) of: 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 0.9, 1.8
Volt-amperes (va) equivalent: 2.5va, 5.0va, 12.5va, 22.5va, 45va
Typical Number
0.3 B 0.2
Burden Ohms (Burden) Max Ratio Error %
Relaying Accuracy Classifications
Relaying Accuracy CTs are used for supplying current to protective relays.
In this application, the relays do not normally operate in the normal load
range, but they must perform with a reasonable degree of accuracy at
very high overload and fault-current levels which may reach 20x the full-
load amplitude.

Class C (C for calculated) is low leakage reactance type typical of donut units Formerly Class L (L for Low Leakage)
Typical Number
10 C 800
Low Leakage Unit
Max secondary voltage developed at 20x rated current
without exceeding the +10% ratio error
10% Max Ratio Error at 20x Rated Current
Class T (T for tested) is high leakage reactance type typical of bar-type units Formerly Class H (H for High Leakage)
Available secondary voltages: 100V, 200V, 400V, 800V
Burden support (Z
STD
): 1.0, 2.0, 4.0, 8.0
CT Knee point
ANSI Method
CT Knee point
ANSI Method
IEC Method
Shorting of CT when not used
CTs can be very dangerous devices! Stepping
down the current means that the voltage is
automatically stepped up the same ratio. The
secondary's of the CTs are, therefore; always
kept shorted when not in use and/or when no
low impedance ammeter is connected! On the
open-circuited secondary of a CT, just a few
volts on the primary voltage would become a
lethal thousands of volts on the secondary.
CT Equivalent Circuit
LOAD
s s s s s
Z I jX R I V + + = ) (
e
s
p
s
I
N
I
I =
Hysteresis/Residual Flux
Referring to figure on the left, if H is
gradually increased from zero to H1, the
magnetization follows path oa. Decreasing
H back to zero will leave the material
magnetized at a B-value corresponding to
point b. Distance ob on the B axis is called
the Residual Flux Density. To bring B back
to zero requires a negative value of H
corresponding to point c on the cure.
Distance oc on the H-axis is called the
Coercive Force. Decreasing H to H2=-H1
results in the B-value of point d. Finally
increasing H back to the original H1 now
causes the magnetization to traverse path
defa. The latter path is nearly equivalent to
path abcd, but flipped about the B and H
axes. Path abcdefa is called a hysteresis
loop which occurs when an AC voltage is
applied to a coil on a ferromagnetic core. As
the voltage and current cycle between their
max and min values, the core magnetization
repeatedly traverses a hysteresis loop.
Remanent Flux (Information Only)
Remanent Flux % Percentage of cts
0-20 39
21-40 18
41-60 16
61-80 27
Based on IEEE survey of 141 cts on a 230kV system
DC offset
Saturation Occurs
CT Errors impact
Errors to in currents magnitude and angle will have a
significant effect on protection relays particularly (directional
(67), distance (21), and differentials (87))
= + = = =
} }
t t
L
R
S B F
t
dt e t R Z I vdt BAN N
0 0
) )(cos ( 2 e |
( ) =
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ + =

R
L
e
R
L
t R Z I
t
L
R
S B F
e
e
sin
1
2
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
+
=

R
X
e
R
X
t
R Z I
t
X
R
S B F
e
e
e
sin
) ( 2
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ + =

R
X
e
R
X
t R Z I BAN
t
X
R
S B F
e
e e sin ) ( 2
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
+
=

R
L
e
R
L
t
R Z I
t
L
R
S B F
e e
e
e
e
e
sin
) ( 2
CT terminal Voltage (V
gh
)
( )
max max S
V BAN = e
( )
|
.
|

\
|
+ + =
R
X
R Z I BAN
S B F
1 ) ( 2
max
e
: Recall
|
.
|

\
|
+ + =
R
X
R Z I V
S B F S
1 ) ( 2
max
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
R
X
Z I V
B F gh
1 2
max _
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
R
X
Z I
V
B F
gh
1
2
max _
CT terminal Voltage (V
gh
)
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
R
X
Z I
V
B F
gh
1
2
max _
STD N STD
gh
Z I V
V
20
2
max _
= <
STD B F
V
R
X
Z I s
|
.
|

\
|
+ 1
STD N STD
Z I V 20 =
: Recall
STD N B F
Z I
R
X
Z I 20 1 s
|
.
|

\
|
+
20 1 s
|
.
|

\
|
+
R
X
Z
Z
I
I
STD
B
N
F
CT terminal Voltage (V
gh
)
20 1 s
|
.
|

\
|
+
R
X
Z
Z
I
I
STD
B
N
F
20 1 s
|
.
|

\
|
+
b f
Z I
R
X
CT primary rating if I
F
is given in primary Amps or
=
N
I
Standard Burden = 1, 2, 4, 8 (at 60)
=
STD
Z
Max Fault in per unit of CT secondary nominal Current
=
f
I
Burden in per unit of standard burden
=
b
Z
CT secondary rating if I
F
is given in secondary Amps
=
Max Fault Current
=
F
I
Burden from the CTs point of view (CT
wdg
+ Cable Leads + Relays)
=
B
Z
To Avoid CT saturation
Limitation of CT Selection Criterion
We face high X/R ratio and high fault currents
near generation sites. This becomes
impractical to size the CT to avoid saturation
during a asymmetrical fault. The formula
derived earlier should not be used for this
study and we must size the CT with
reasonable sensitivity for line end faults
For this situation we should analyze in further
detail via EMTP simulation.
Example #1
C800
2000/5 (full ratio)
I
f
= 3.07 pu
Z
b
= 0.5 pu
X/R = 12
19.955 20
20 1 s
|
.
|

\
|
+
b f
Z I
R
X
(1+12)(3.07)(0.5) 20 ?
CT OK!
Example #1
C800
2000/5 (full ratio)
I
f
= 3.07 pu
Z
b
= 0.5 pu
X/R = 12
20 1 s
|
.
|

\
|
+
b f
Z I
R
X
19.955 20
Example #2
C800
2000/5 (full ratio)
I
f
= 7.69 pu
Z
b
= 0.5 pu
X/R = 12
49.985 > 20
20 1 s
|
.
|

\
|
+
b f
Z I
R
X
(1+12)(3.07)(0.5) 20 ? (1+12)(7.69)(0.5) 20 ?
CT OK! CT Saturates
|
|
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
R
X
K
T T
s
s
1
1 ln
1
R
X
T
e
=
1
primary system time constant
=
1
T
the saturation factor V
x
/V
s
, where V
x
is the excitation voltage at
10A and, V
s
is the saturation voltage I
F
x Z
B

=
s
K
Resistance of the primary system to the point of the fault
= R
Natural log function
= ln
time to saturate =
s
T
Time to Saturate
Reactance of the primary system to the point of the fault
= X
2f, where f is the system frequency
= e
Waveforms
Waveforms
Multi-Ratio CTs
1200/5, C800 tapped at 600/5
C400 effective rating
4.0 effective standard burden
400 800
1200
600
= = ating EffectiveR
O = O = 4 8
1200
600
_ _ Burden Std Eff ective
CT winding Resistance
Typical turn ratio resistance = 2.5m/turn
O = O = 0 . 1 5 . 2
5
2000
5 / 2000 m For example a 2000:5 ratio CT;
Lead Resistance Calculation
Formula to determine Copper lead resistance
Lead resistance, /1000 = e
0.232G-2.32
where, G = AWG number

For a 10AWG cable at (305m = 1000)

R = e
0.232(10) -2.32
= e
0
= 1/1000

R = 1/1000x500 = 0.5

10AWG cable at (152m = 500) will have a resistance of

Similarly for 8AWG cable at (305m = 1000)

R = e
0.232(8) -2.32
= 0.629/1000

CT Application

Connection
Type of Fault
3 ph or ph-to-ph Ph-to-ground
Wye (connect at CT) Z = R
S
+ R
L
+ Z
R
Z = R
S
+ 2R
L
+ Z
R
Wye (connected at switchhouse) Z = R
S
+ 2R
L
+ Z
R
Z = R
S
+ 2R
L
+ Z
R
Delta (connected at switchhouse) Z = R
S
+ 2R
L
+3 Z
R
Z = R
S
+ 2R
L
+3 Z
R
Delta (connected at CT) Z = R
S
+ 3R
L
+3 Z
R
Z = R
S
+ 2R
L
+2 Z
R
Z is the effective impedance seen by the CT
R
S
is the CT secondary winding resistance and CT lead resistance; also
includes any relay impedance that is inside the delta connection ()
R
L
is the circuit one-way lead resistance ()
Z
R
is the relay impedance in the CT secondary current path ()
IEEE typical X/R Ratios
IEEE typical X/R Ratios
IEEE typical X/R Ratios
IEEE typical X/R Ratios
IEEE typical X/R Ratios
Parameters for X/R & SCC Example
Given Parameters
SCC = 7316A @ V=240kV
X/R = 12
Transformer size = 50MVA; 240/138kV
Z
xmfr
= 8.0%

Solve for X/R at 138kV.
Solve for SCC at 138kV.


Example for X/R
( ) % 644 . 1 100 09 . 204 , 041 , 3 / 000 , 50 % = = x kVA kVA Z
source
Step #1: Calculate the equivalent source impedance
SCC kV KVA
LL it shortcircu
- - = 3
( ) 100 / % x KVA KVA Z
it shortcircu r transforme source
=
kVA A kV KVA
it shortcircu
09 . 204 , 041 , 3 7316 240 3 = - - =
Example for X/R
Step #2: Source R and X
644 . 1 % =
source
Z
12 / = R X
( )
o
24 . 85 12 tan
1
= = O

% 638 . 1 %) 644 . 1 ( * ) 24 . 85 ( = = Sin X
% 138 . 0 %) 644 . 1 ( * ) 18 . 85 ( = = Cos R
|
.
|

\
|
= O

R
X
1
tan
Z Sin X * O =
Z Cos R * O =
Example for X/R
Step #3: Transformer R and X
0 . 8 % =
xmfr
Z
15 / = R X
( )
o
19 . 86 15 tan
1
= = O

% 982 . 7 %) 0 . 8 ( * ) 19 . 86 ( = = Sin X
% 531 . 0 %) 0 . 8 ( * ) 19 . 86 ( = = Cos R
(From IEEE typical value)
Example for X/R
Step #4: Total Resistance and Reactance at 138kV
% 669 . 0 % 531 . 0 % 138 . 0 = + = + =
xmfr source total
R R R
% 62 . 9 % 982 . 7 % 638 . 1 = + = + =
xmfr source total
X X X
Step #5: X/R at138kV
4 . 14
% 669 . 0
% 622 . 9
= = =
total
total
R
X
R
X
Example for SCC
( ) % 644 . 1 100 09 . 204 , 041 , 3 / 000 , 50 % = = x kVA kVA Z
source
Step #1: Calculate the equivalent source impedance
SCC kV KVA
LL it shortcircu
- - = 3
( ) 100 / % x KVA KVA Z
it shortcircu r transforme source
=
kVA A kV KVA
it shortcircu
09 . 204 , 041 , 3 7316 240 3 = - - =
Example for SCC
Step #2: Calculate the 138kV side full load current
LL
xmfr
LV
kV
kVA
FLA
3
=
A
kV
kVA
FLA
LV
18 . 209
) 138 ( 3
000 , 50
= =
Example for SCC
Step #3: Calculate the short circuit current on the 138kV side
) % (%
100
source xmfr
LV
LV
Z Z
FLA
SCC
+
-
=
A
A
SCC
LV
06 . 169 , 2
%) 644 . 1 % 0 . 8 (
100 18 . 209
=
+
-
=
Global Example
C200
400/5 (full ratio)
I
F
= 7,316A (HV side)
X/R = 15 (HV side faults)
One-way R
L
length = 152m (500)
Determine what CT Class and Ratio is valid
on the 138kV
240kV 138kV
Global Example
4 . 14
% 669 . 0
% 622 . 9
= = =
total
total
R
X
R
X
Case #1) From previous slide for X/R and SCC on the 138kV side.

R
one-way
= 1/1000x500 = 0.5

For a C200: Z
STD
= 2.0

Z
B
= R
S
+ 2R
L
+ Z
R
Z
B
= 0.2 + 2(0.5) + 0.1=1.3

Note: 0.1 = digital & 1.0 for electromechanical

pu
Z
Z
Z
STD
B
b
7 . 0
0 . 2
3 . 1
=
O
O
= =
Global Example
A
A
SCC
LV
06 . 169 , 2
%) 644 . 1 % 0 . 8 (
100 18 . 209
=
+
-
=
? 20 1 s
|
.
|

\
|
+
b f
Z I
R
X
From previous slide for X/R and SCC on the 138kV side.

pu
A
A
I
I
I
N
F
f
5 . 5
400
169 , 2
= = =
( ) 60 7 . 0 5 . 5 4 . 14 1 = - +
CT Saturates
Global Example
|
|
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
R
X
K
T T
s
s
1
1 ln
1
s
R
X
T 038 . 0
377
4 . 14
1
= = =
e
33 . 6
3 . 35
230
= = =
V
V
V
V
K
s
X
s
V V
x
230 =
V
A
Z I V
B F S
3 . 35 ) 3 . 1 (
5 / 400
2169
= O
|
.
|

\
|
= =
Taken from excitation Curve at I
E
= 10A (full ratio)

) 1 ( 19
1 5 . 8
1 ln 038 . 0 cycle ms
R
X
T
s
> ~ =
|
|
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
Global Example
Case #2 Choosing C400 (2000/5 tapped at 600/5).

pu
Z
Z
Z
STD
B
b
18 . 1
2 . 1
41 . 1
=
O
O
= =
O = O = 2 . 1 4
2000
600
_ _ Burden Std Effective
pu
A
A
I
I
I
N
F
f
62 . 3
600
169 , 2
= = =
? 20 1 s
|
.
|

\
|
+
b f
Z I
R
X
( ) 66 18 . 1 62 . 3 4 . 14 1 = - +
CT Saturates
ZB = 1.4 due to 600/5 ratio CT winding resistance.

Global Example
|
|
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
R
X
K
T T
s
s
1
1 ln
1
s
R
X
T 038 . 0
377
4 . 14
1
= = =
e
8 . 5
5 . 25
150
= = =
V
V
V
V
K
s
X
s
V V
x
150 =
V
A
Z I V
B F S
5 . 25 ) 41 . 1 (
5 / 600
2169
= O
|
.
|

\
|
= =
Taken from exication Curves and at I
E
= 10A (600/5)

cycle ms
R
X
T
s
1 11
1 8 . 5
1 ln 038 . 0 < =
|
|
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
Global Example
Case #3 Choosing C400 (2000/5 full ratio).

pu
Z
Z
Z
STD
B
b
525 . 0
0 . 4
1 . 2
=
O
O
= =
pu
A
A
I
I
I
N
F
f
08 . 1
2000
169 , 2
= = =
? 20 1 s
|
.
|

\
|
+
b f
Z I
R
X
( ) 73 . 8 525 . 0 08 . 1 4 . 14 1 = - +
CT OK
For a C400: Z
STD
= 4.0

ZB = 2.1 due to 2000/5 ratio CT winding resistance.

Global Example
Case #4 Choosing C400 (2000/5 full ratio with 80% remenant flux).

? 4 %) 80 1 ( * 20 1 = s
|
.
|

\
|
+
b f
Z I
R
X
( ) 73 . 8 525 . 0 08 . 1 4 . 14 1 = - +
CT Saturates
Case #4 Choosing C400 (2000/5 full ratio with 50% remenant flux).

? 10 %) 50 1 ( * 20 1 = s
|
.
|

\
|
+
b f
Z I
R
X
( ) 73 . 8 525 . 0 08 . 1 4 . 14 1 = - +
CT OK
IEEE PSRC CALCULATOR
V
s
amps rms
slope
= 1/S
log-log plot,
equal
decade
spacing
volts
rms
I
e
mf gr's
data V
e
10
Saturation Curve
i e e
V I
S
V log log
1
log + =
The Saturation Curve above is represented by the following equation

Where V
i
is the value of V
e
for I
e
=1, that is for (log I
e
=0)

Measuring the S
0





1






2






3





4





5





6





7





8





9





1
0
slope = 0.7/9.3 = 1/S
S = 9.3/0.7 = 13
Ruler, inches or centimeters
Use a ruler to determine the slope.
Do NOT read currents or voltages for this purpose.
(We assume equal decade spacing of the axes)
HOW TO MEASURE THE SLOPE
IEEE PSRC CALCULATOR EXAMPLE
Case #1) From previous slide for X/R and SCC on the 138kV side.

EMTP/PSCAD SIMULATION
The CTs are subject to saturation during DC transient of
fault current , hence there is growing interest in
simulations like EMTP/PSCAD.
The IEEE-PSRC CT calculator is only accurate at high
fault currents and burden , hence to get better idea of
CT performance at low fault currents/ burden we need
to model in PSCAD/EMTP.
The primary aim of PSCAD simulation is to obtain
digitized records, which can be recognized as
secondary analog signal using D/A conversion and
amplification, for the purpose of relay testing.
EMTP/PSCAD SIMULATION
PSCAD - CT Modeling
QUESTIONS?