WiMAX Wireless Network Frequency Planning (802.

16E)
Issue 1.0

Contents
WiMAX Overview

WiMAX Sub-Carrier Assignment Mode & Frequency Reuse Mode

WiMAX Typical Networking Mode

WiMAX Network Expansion Solution

Evolving Wireless Landscape

1992-2000
TDMA

2000-2004
EGPRS 384kbps GPRS ~150kbps WCDMA 2Mbps HSDPA 14Mbps(2006) TD-SCDMA (China)

2004-2008

GSM GSM

PDC

HSUPA (2008)

LTE

cdmaOne cdmaOne

cdma20001x 144bps

EVDO Rel.0 2.4Mbps

EVDO Rev.A 3.1Mbps(2006)

AIE

Mobile WiMAX will be available before LTE, AIE!

WiMAX 802.16-2004 OFDM Mobile WiMAX 802.16-2005 SISO/OFDMA SIMO/MIMO AAS

What Can WiMAX Do?

Mobility
High Speed

Cellular Network (GSM, UMTS, HSPDA, )

Vehicle

Suburban-incar

Urban-incar

BWA (WiMAX 802.16d, 802.16e, )

On foot

Walk

Nomadic Urban fixed

Fixed Network (xDSL, )

Fixed

Personal

0,01

0,1

10

100

Bandwidth (Mb/s)

Mobile WiMAX can satisfy both Mobility and Broadband Access!

Spectrum by Region
Canada
2.3/2.5GHz 3.5/5GHz

Russia Europe
3.5GHz 5GHz 2.3/2.5/3.5GHz 5GHz

USA
1.5/2.3GHz 2.5/5GHz

Asia Pacific

ME & A
C & SA
2.5/3.5GHz 5GHz 3.5GHz 5GHz

2.3/3.3/3.5GHz 5GHz

Each geographical region defines and regulates its own set of licensed and license-exempt bands, as shown in the previous figure. WiMAX global applications are mainly used in 2.5GHz, 3.5GHz, and 5.8GHz frequency bands, of which 5.8GHz is a license-exempt band.

Contents
WiMAX Overview

WiMAX Sub-Carrier Assignment Mode & Frequency Reuse Mode

WiMAX Typical Networking Mode

WiMAX Network Expansion Solution

What is OFDMA?
sub-carrier-1 sub-carrier-2 sub-carrier-3

sub-carrier-N

sub-carrier-4

Frequency
OFDM Slot/Frame IFFT

S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7
IFFT

SN S2N
Guard Time

SN+1SN+ SN+ SN+4

IFFT
2 3

OFDM Symbol (FTT duration)

Time

Bandwidth

1. OFDM is a multi-carrier system 2. Available bandwidth is divided into many narrow bands. 3. Data is transmitted in parallel on these bands.

OFDMA is the foundation for 4G!

OFDMA: Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex Access

OFDMA Frame Structure

Power

Last Frame

DL Sub-frame

TTG

UL Sub-frame

RTG

Next Frame
Time

Sub-channel Logical Number

FCH UL

DL Burst#2

Burst#1 Burst#2

MAP

Preamble

DL DL Burst#1 MAP

DL Burst#4 DL Burst#3 DL Burst#5 Ran ging ACK Burst#3

DL Burst#6
UL MAP

Burst#4 Burst#5 Fast Feedback (CQICH) 1 2 3 4

DL Burst#7 4 5 6 7

N 0 1 2 3

N Guard

M Symbol

OFDMA frame is a time-frequency two-dimensional structure. The y axis is the sub-channel and the x axis unit is symbol.

Allocation of Sub-carrier
Pilot sub-carrier DC sub-carrier Data sub-carrier Guard sub-carrier

10MHz*(28/25)=10.94KHz*1024

PUSC: Partial used sub-carrier FUSC: Full used sub-carrier Band AMC: Adaptive modulation and coding

Sub-channel

Sub-Carrier Assignment Mode: DL-FUSC

Pilot sub-carrier Data sub-carrier DC sub-carrier Guard sub-carrier

0 86 Sub-carrier

12

36 39

840 848

87 Sub-carrier

1. Determine the positions of 82 pilot sub-carriers. FUSC replacement mode includes two groups of pilots: a group of fixed pilots and a group of variable pilots. Fixed pilots appears in each OFDM symbol. The variable pilots fall into two sub-sets, which occur by alternating parity symbols. The pilot positions of adjacent sector FUSC replacement area are the same. Pilots are transmitted in rated power. 2. Except 173 guard sub-carriers, 1 DC sub-carrier and 82 pilot sub-carriers, assign the rest 768 data sub-carriers to each sub-channel. 3. Divide the rest 768 data sub-carriers into 48 groups. Each group contains 16 consecutive sub-carriers. 4. Obtain a data sub-carrier from each group (the obtain mode is related to DL_Permbase) to form the sub-channel. Therefore, there are 16 sub-channels. Each sub-channel consists of 48 data sub-carrier.

Disadvantages: In the case of single-band networking, there is large interference at the cell edge. Pilot positions of adjacent sector FUSC replacement areas are the same. Pilots are always transmitted in rated power. The pilot signal to interference ratio (SIR) determines the quality evaluated by channels and the terminal demodulation capability. Therefore, it is unavailable to use PUSC to reduce the interference. Advantages: FUSC resources are used, high spectrum efficiency

Only Downlink

Sub-Carrier Assignment Mode: DL-PUSC

DL-PUSC

Parameters
System bandwidth (mhz) FFT size (nfft) Number of guard sub-carriers Number of cluster/sub-channels Number of used sub-carriers Number of data sub-carriers Number of pilot sub-carriers 1.25 128 43 6/3 85 72 12 2.5 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Values
5 512 91 30/15 421 360 60 10 1024 183 30 841 720 120 20 2048 367 120/60 1681 1440 240
Odd Symbol Even Symbol

PUSC protocol specifies that downlink PUSC replacement area is the replacement area that must occur in the frame structure. Detailed assignment mode of PUSC is as follows (take 1024 as an example): 1. Except guard sub-carriers and DC sub-carriers, divide the 840 available sub-carriers into 60 physical clusters. Each physical cluster consists of 14 consecutive sub-carriers, and cross two symbols on time. 2. Convert the physical cluster into logical cluster by certain mapping relation. The conversion mode of local cluster of the first replacement area, PUSC replacement area, fixed conversion mode, and PUSC with all sub-carriers is related to DL_PermBase, which is determined by upper-level management entity. 3. Divide all logical clusters into 6 groups. 4. Allocate pilot sub-carrier in the cluster of each group, and divide the rest data sub-carrier to the sub-channel.

Disadvantage: Although the single-band networking is implemented, each sector can only use 1/3 of all frequency resources, and the system spectrum efficiency is low. Advantage: Adjacent sectors use conflict-free sub-channel resources to ensure that the SIR in the cell is high. MS can receive signals from multiple adjacent sectors to implement soft switch or quick BTS selection.

Sub-Carrier Assignment Mode: UL-PUSC

UL-PUSC Parameters System bandwidth (mhz) FFT size (Nfft) Number of guard sub-carriers Number of tiles Number of sub-channels 1.25 128 31 24 4 2.5 Values 5 10 20 2048 367 552 92
Symbol 2
Symbol 0 Symbol 1 Tile

N/A 512 1024 N/A 103 183 N/A 102 210 N/A 17 35

Data carrier

Pilot carrier

Number of sub-carriers per tile

Number of used sub-carriers

4
97

N/A 4

3
1681

N/A 409 841

PUSC is shorted for partial used sub-carrier.

A uplink slot includes one sub-channel and three symbols. There are totally 48 data sub-carriers and 24 pilot sub-carriers. The minimum unit of uplink assignment is tile. Each sub-channel has 6 tiles. Each tile consists of 4 consecutive sub-carriers,

and cross three symbol lengths on time.

UL_PUSC assignment procedure (take 1024 as an example)

Divide the 840 available sub-carriers except for guard sub-carriers and DC sub-carriers into 210 tiles. Separate all tiles into 6 groups. Each group consists of 35 consecutive tiles.

Obtain one tile from the 6 groups (the obtain method is related to UL_Permbase) to from a sub-channel. 35 subchannels can be formed in total. Each sub-channel consists of 6 tiles.

Feature: Tile is the minimum unit in the sub-channel assignment. The minimum collision unit of uplink is tile. If adjacent sectors use a same time, the demodulation performance will be greatly affected.

Sub-Carrier Assignment Mode: DL-PUSC with All SC

PUSC is shorted for partial used sub-carrier. PUSC with
all sc refers to the PUSC replacement mode of all used bandwidth resources.
In this replacement area, the divisions of logical clusters and sub-channels in each group are related to the downlink replacement DL-PermBase. If each cell uses different DL-PermBase, the sub-channels related to each cell only consists of part of the same sub1 2 3 carriers, thus effectively reducing the co-channel interference.

Feature: For users whose SIR meets certain conditions, use PUSC with all sc can fully use all spectrum resources.

PUSC

PUSC with all SC

Sub-Carrier Assignment Mode: Band AMC

Band-AMC Parameters Values

System Bandwidth (MHz)

FFT Size (Nfft) Number of guard sub-carriers Number of used sub-carriers (Nused) Number of pilots (Npilots) Number of data sub-carriers Number of bands

1.25
128 19 109 12 96 3

2.5

10
159

20
319 1729 192 1536 48
BAND AMC BIN structure
8 data tones

N/A 512 1024 2048 N/A 79

1 pilot tone

N/A 433 865 N/A 48 N/A 12 96 24

N/A 384 768

Number of bins per band

Number of sub-carriers per bin (8data+1pilot) Number of sub-channels

4
9 2

N/A 4
N/A 9 N/A 8

4
9 16

4
9 32

Mobile wimax profile specifies that both uplink and downlink can use the band AMC assignment mode. Sub-channels of band AMC are consecutive. No matter uplink or downlink, each sub-channel has independent pilots.

Sub-Carrier Assignment Mode: Band AMC

Band AMC assignment procedure:
Separate all available sub-carriers into groups. Nine consecutive sub-carriers is a unit group, which is called "bin". Each bin consists of 8 data sub-carriers and a pilot sub-carrier. Assign each bin into sub-channels. Each assignment slot must have 48 data sub-carriers, namely, 6 bins. The possible assignment modes are: 1 bin x 6 symbols, 2 bins x 3 symbols, 3 bins x 2 symbols, and 6 bins x 1 symbol. Common MAP can only use the 2 bins x 3 symbols assignment mode.

Independence of wireless channel to different users

Advantage: Sub-carriers of each sub-channel are consecutive. For a user, there must be some sub-channels have better conditions. The channel independence of each user can ensure that each user assigned with AMC can enjoys the best channel condition and obtain the multi-user diversity gain, which is greater than the gain of frequency diversity. Disadvantage: BS needs the channel condition of each user, and assigns resources in a unified way. The channel conditions of a user must be stable. It is not fit for users in high-speed mobility.

Frequency Reuse Mode

NSK

Red lines in the figure indicates the interference of a same direction and frequency.

The network is divided into clusters of N cells, S sector per cell, and K different frequency allocations per cell.

When selecting the frequency reuse mode, consider comprehensively the influence of frequency resources and interference.

Scalability of Channel Bandwidth

GSM 200KHz
Channel bandwidth can be adjusted in the range from 1M to 20MHz based on the actual requirement. Data
400 chips

CDMA 1.2288MHz 1MHz - 20MHz WCDMA 3.84MHz

The scalability of channel bandwidth makes the WIMAX frequency division greatly different from that of the current 2G/3G system.

Network planning solution can select different channel bandwidths according to the customer frequency resources and capacity requirements.

Summary
1. DL_PUSC and DL_FUSC assignment modes: A sub-carrier is the minimum unit of sub-channel division. Sub-carriers of a sub-channel are widely distributed in the entire frequency band. Higher frequency diversity gain can be obtained. 2. UL_PUSC: Although sub-carriers of sub-channels are also distributed in the entire frequency band, the tile consisting of four consecutive sub-carriers with 3 consecutive symbols is the minimum unit. Thus, for UL_PUSC, avoid the conflicts between sub-channels as much as possible.

3. BAND AMC: Sub-carriers in each sub-channel are consecutive, thus, sub-carriers in a subchannel has similar attenuation. Because the channel of each user is independent, multiple users can get resources with fine channel condition; therefore, the system can get greater multiuser diversity gain.
WiMAX network planning aims at the OFDMA network planning.

For the sub-carrier assignment mode, select FUSC, PUSC, or FFR. Different sub-carrier assignment mode can respectively get the diversity gain and multi-user gain.
Typical applications of frequency reuse mode include 1*3*3 and 1*3*1. When selecting the frequency reuse mode, consider comprehensively the frequency resources and system interference.

Contents
WiMAX Overview

WiMAX Sub-Carrier Assignment Mode & Frequency Reuse Mode

WiMAX Typical Networking Mode

WiMAX Network Expansion Solution

Typical Applications: PUSC 1x3x1

All BTS use one frequency point. Three sectors of a BTS is a reuse cluster. The three sectors use respectively 1/3 sub-channel in a frequency point. The same directional sectors of different BTSs use the same sub-channel.

1 2 3 2 3 Uplink 2

1 2 3

1 2 3 2
Both uplink and downlink use PUSC replacement.

F1
1

F1
1 3

1: logical sub-channel 1-11; 2: logical sub-channel 12-23; 3: logical sub-channel 24-35

Downlink

1: Segment 0: 0-9 2: Segment 1: 10-19 3: Segment 2: 20-29

Three sectors of a BTS is a reuse cluster. The three sectors use respectively 1/3 sub-channel in a frequency point. The same directional sectors of different BTSs use the same sub-channel. Ensure that the sub-channels of adjacent sectors in one BTS do not conflict. All sectors use the same PermBase.

Typical Application: PUSC 1x3x1

Advantages:
The entire network enjoys co-channel. Soft handover can be implemented. Do not need complex scheduling method of sub-carrier replacement mode. The implementation is easy and the system expense is small. The system interference is small. There is no sub-channel conflict between adjacent sectors of a BTS. The coverage range is wide. Cost of initial network construction is low, and the network construction risk is low. Network construction is fast, the interference is easy to be controlled, and the network planning and optimization are simple.

Disadvantages:
The spectrum utilization is low. Network capacity is small.

1. Adapt to situations with integrated operator frequency resources and consecutive frequency bands. 2. If the frequency point bandwidth is wide (>=10MHz), it can be used as the initial Adapt to initial network construction mode of the urban or densely-populated urban areas. Basically network satisfy the phase one capacity requirements. construction 3. Use relatively narrow frequency point bandwidth (<=10MHz) to implement wide coverage of suburban and rural areas; thus reducing the initial network construction cost. 4. Preferred networking mode of early WiMAX 16e. Applicable scenario

Typical Application: FUSC 1x3x3 (PUSC with all SC 1x3x3)

There are three frequency points. Three sectors in a BTS is a reuse cluster. The three sectors in one BTS use respectively a frequency point.

Advantages:

F1
F2 F3 F1 F2 F3 F2

F1 F3

Fully use the dispersed frequency resources of the operator. Do not need complex scheduling method of sub-carrier replacement mode. The implementation is easy and the system expense is small. The system interference is small. There is no co-channel interference between adjacent sectors of a BTS. Sub-channel conflict and interference of co-channel cells are small. The coverage range is wide. Cost of initial network construction is low, and the network construction risk is low. Network construction is fast, the interference is easy to be controlled, and the network planning and optimization are simple.

Disadvantages:
The spectrum efficiency is low, which is similar to the single frequency point PUSC 1*3*1 reuse. Cannot implement soft handover.

The downlink adopts the FUSC or PUSC with all SC replacement, and the uplink adopts the PUSC with all SC replacement.

1. Adapt to situations that the operator frequency resources are rich or frequency bands dispersed and bandwidth is narrow. 2. The system capacity is dependent on the bandwidth of single frequency point. If the Satisfy large-capacity bandwidth of frequency point is wide (>=5MHz), it can be used on initial network construction of dense or common urban. If the bandwidth of frequency point is narrowrequirements (<5MHz), it can be used Applicable scenario on coverage of suburban and rural areas.

Typical Application: FFR 1x3x1

All BTSs use one frequency point, which, on one hand, ensures the coverage and use partial subcarriers on the cell edge; on the other hand, increases the spectrum usage and use all sub-carriers near the BTS.

UL
1. Areas far away from the BTS use the PUSC replacement mode and the 1x3 reuse. Three sectors of each BTS use respectively 1/3 sub-channel of PUSC. All sectors use the same UL-PermBase. 2. The PUSC with all SC replacement mode is used in the cell central area. And adjacent sectors use different PermBase to reach a interference even effect.

2 1 3
PUSC with all SC PUSC

DL
1. Areas far away from the BTS use the replacement mode and the 1x3 reuse. Three sectors of each BTS use respectively two groups of the six logical cluster groups in the PUSC assignment mode. All sectors use the same DL_PermBase. 2. The PUSC with all SC or FUSC replacement mode is used in the cell central area. Adjacent sectors use different PermBase to reach an interference even effect.

The UL and DL scheduling assignments are implemented through the measurement and judgment of users on self C/I and RSSI.

The system frequency reuse is close to 1.

Typical Application: FFR 1x3x1

Advantages:
Use the single frequency point networking, which can implement soft handover. The spectrum efficiency is high, and the sector capacity is large. Sub-channel scheduling is flexible. Use excellent sub-channel scheduling mechanism to use frequency resources to the maximum extent.

Disadvantages:
The complex sub-carrier replacement mode and sub-channel scheduling algorithm are hard to be implemented. The system interference level is related to the quality of sub-channel scheduling mechanism. Co-channel interference exist on adjacent sectors in a BTS. The load is in positive correlation with the channel conflict probability and the co-channel interference.

1. If the product has excellent sub-carrier replacement mode and sub-channel scheduling mechanism, the networking solution is one of the preferred networking modes of WiMAX 16e. 2. The typical application can be used for initial network construction of dense urban areas and Preferred areas of middle or high traffic. networking 3. The networking mode can be used as the expansion solution of single frequency point 1x3 reuse mode. Applicable scope

Example 1
Assume the customer has two 10M frequency resources, as follows:
10MHz 10MHz

2500

2510

2580

2590

According to the product performance, you can consider the following frequency planning solutions:
1. PUSC 1*3*1 5MHz, can be expanded to S444 theoretically. 2. PUSC 1*3*1 10MHz, can be expanded to S222. 3. FUSC 1*3*3 5MHz, can be expanded to S111, remain 5MHz frequency resources.

The frequency planning solution is more flexible, selecting the solution based on network development and maximum frequency efficiency

Example 2
Assume the customer has independent 10M and 5M frequency resources, as follows:
10MHz 5MHz

2500

2510

2580

585

Based on the product performance, the following frequency planning solutions can be considered: 1. Adopt FFR 1*3*1 10MHz for the initial networking. 2. If the capacity increases later, adopt FFR 1*3*1 5MHz for expansion.

In the WiMAX network planning, mixed networking of multiple channel bandwidths can be used for frequency resources.

Capacity Performance in Different Networking Modes

Mbps

Average BTS throughput of different modes

TDD Ratio=35:12

Average spectrum efficiency of different modes

FUSC 1x3x3 (30MHz) 1.79 1.79 FFR 1x3x1 (10MHz) 0.72 2.16

Frequency planning (SISO) Spectrum efficiency (bps/Hz/Sector) Spectrum efficiency (bps/Hz/Cell)

PUSC 1x3x1 (10MHz) 0.55 1.65

The spectrum usage in ascending order is as follows: PUSC 1X3X1 < FUSC 1X3X3 < FFR1X3X1 frequency reuse mode

Interference Analysis of Different Networking Modes - C/I

DL

PUSC 1*3*1

FUSC 1*3*3

FFR 1*3*1

UL

PUSC 1*3*1

FUSC 1*3*3

FFR 1*3*1

C/I general change trend: The interference of FFR 1*3*1 is the worst. The interferences of PUSC 1*3*1 and FUSC 1*3*3 are similar.

Interference Analysis of Different Networking Modes - Signal

PUSC 1*3*1

FUSC 1*3*3

FFR 1*3*1

General change trend of signals: PUSC 1*3*1 > FFR 1*3*1 > FUSC 1*3*3 (PUSC with all SC 1*3*3)

Summary
1. PUSC 1*3*1, applied to initial network construction, can be expanded to FFR 1*3*1.

2.

FUSC 1*3*3, applied to large-capacity network construction, with enough frequency resources.

3.

FFR 1*3*1, the system frequency reuse is close to 1, is the preferred networking mode in later network construction.

Network planning is more flexible!

Contents
WiMAX Overview

WiMAX Sub-Carrier Assignment Mode & Frequency Reuse Mode

WiMAX Typical Networking Mode

WiMAX Network Expansion Solution

Increasing Channel Bandwidth

Currently, Huawei can support 5M/10MHz channel bandwidth. In the follow-up procedure, other values specified in protocols, such as 3.5MHz can also be supported. When there are available consecutive frequency bands, you can directly expand the system channel bandwidth from 5MHz to 10MHz, thus doubling the system capacity.

Advantages:
Have no impact on original network. Network re-planning is not required. The capacity increases with the channel bandwidth.

Disadvantages
Additional spectrum resources are required, and the spectrum resources of new channel bandwidth must be consecutive. Relevant channel bandwidth must be supported by products. (simple) The solution only fits for entire network expansion.

5MHz

10MHz

Adding Carrier (Multi-Carrier Configuration)

When there are additional spectrum resources, adopt the multi-carrier configuration mode to increase the system capacity. Multi-carrier configuration refers to that configure multiple different carriers in the sectors of a BTS.

Advantages:

Only require adding devices, which has little impact on the original network. Network replanning is not required. The system capacity increases with the carrier number. The expansion effect is obvious. One sector supports the multi-carrier networking of different bandwidths.

Disadvantages:
Operators need remaining spectrum resources. To keep original coverage, adding carriers require additional power. The same sector can support adjacent carrier configuration. If there is condition, do not use adjacent carriers to reduce interference. The expansion is related to the original frequency reuse mode. As the number of carriers increase, the system capacity becomes smaller. Generally, the number of multi-carriers is no less than 4.

Adopting MIMO Technology

Advantages:
Do not need additional carrier resources. Have little impact on original network. Network re-planning is not required. Expansion effect is obvious.

Limitations:
The product needs to support the MIMO function. Partial devices need be replaced (such as band board and RF equipment). The cost is high. The solution only fits for the condition that original existing network device does not support MIMO.

By using the MIMO Matrix_A technology, the link signal quality can be effectively increased. In the same condition, users can use higher-efficiency code modulation mode; thus, increasing the capacity of the entire system. By using the MIMO Matrix_B technology, the original capacity can be doubled theoretically.

Adopting AAS Technology

Omni Antennas

Smart Antennas

Through directional transmit signals, suppress the interference of transmitter on users of a same cell or neighbor. Through the space signal integration, increase the transmit antenna gain of specified directional MS and reduce the transmit power. Increase the coverage range and improve the spectrum usage. 1. MAP message are spread in the cell, and transmitted to all users; therefore, DL-MAP cannot obtain gains from AAS. Because MAP messages cannot be reliably transferred in the expand area, AAS expansion area cannot used for cell planning. 2. If AAS is in the complex propagation environment such as urban area, the system gain obtained is less than that of suburban or rural environment. 3. The AAS capacity gain is increased in non-linear way, not similar to MIMO. Four antenna beams add about 50% capacity. 4. AAS design is based on TDD mode. In the WiMAX FDD mode, because the uplink and downlink frequencies are different, the channels are not reliable. 5. The support of AAS to mobility is to be improved. The AAS relies on accurate fast evaluation, in highspeed terminal cases, because the channel environment is complex, AAS is hard to support the mobility.

Sector Splitting
Sector splitter indicates that reduce the coverage angle of each sector by half to expand the typical 3sector BTS into 5-sector BTS.

Advantages:
Similar to cell splitting. However, the sector splitting does not need to add new sites to avoid difficulties in site location obtaining. New spectrum resources are not required. The system capacity is increased significantly with the number of BTS sectors.

Limitations:
The sector splitting solution has strict requirements on interference control. The expansion method of sector splitting is used together with AAS new antenna technology. The greater the sector splitting is, the less the increasing range of system capacity is. Generally, the number of sectors in a BTS after the sector splitting shall be less than 6.

Adding Site -- Cell Splitting

Advantages:
Do not affect original networking mode. Only need to add sites. The expansion is easy. Do not need support of enhanced technology. Expansion does not affect the entire network.

Disadvantages:
This expansion mode gets capacity by adding sites. The expansion cost is high. If the sites are densely distributed, the interference cannot be controlled, which brings difficulties to network optimization.

Adding Sites -- Micro-Cell

Advantages:
Do not affect original networking mode. Adding sites in high-traffic area is used to attract most traffics. The original macro-cell ensures the consecutive coverage. The expansion implementation is easy. Do not need the support of enhanced technology. Macro-cell consecutive coverage

Disadvantages:

Need to add sites. The expansion cost is high. Require the seamless handover between hot-spot area and macro-cell.

Macro-cell consecutive coverage

Micro-cell/in-door coverage

This expansion mode fits for various networking modes. It reduces the original network load by adding indoor coverage in hot-spot or buildings with high-traffic, such as business building, hotels and gymnasiums with large users.

Summary
Expansion solution
Add channel bandwidth

Advantages
(1) Capacity increases in linear way with channel bandwidth. (2) Have little impact on original network. Network replanning is not required.
Same as above

Disadvantages
Require additional spectrum resources.

Typical scenario
Only fits for entire network expansion. Operators have idle frequency resources (consecutive).

Add carriers (multi-carrier configuration)

Same as above

Adapt to cases that operators have remaining spectrum recourses (not consecutive) or cannot support higher channel bandwidth. Only adapt to conditions that existing network equipment does not support MIMO, and the operator is willing to pay for upgrading. Adapt to various scenarios (select flexibly according to product technology maturity). Adapt to the scenario that AAS is used in the intelligent antenna system. It is not a choice of Huawei expansion. Adapt to areas needing largescale expansion.

Use MIMO technology

1. Do not need additional carrier resources. 2. Have little impact on original network. Network replanning is not required. New spectrum resources are not needed.

The product needs to support the MIMO function, and needs to replace partial devices (such as baseband board and RF devices). The cost is high. More tight frequency reuse mode has higher requirement on system design, especially the load control and sub-carrier scheduling algorithm. Sector splitting solution has strict requirements on interference control. The expansion mode of sector splitting is used together with new antenna technology such as AAS. Select new sites, and need to re-optimize the original network in a large scale. The cost is high.

Adopt more tight frequency reuse mode Sector splitting

New spectrum resources are not needed.

Add micro-cell

Final method of expansion

Reference

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