Professional Documents
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VM Organization
Processor Virtual Address Data MMU Physical Address Cache Data Main Memory DMA Transfer Disk Storage
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Physical Address
Bridges speed gap between processor and main memory Implemented in hardware Bridges size and speed gaps between main memory and secondary storage Implemented (in part) by software (operating system)
Virtual Memory
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VM Address Translation
Pages
Fixed-length units Blocks of words that occupy contiguous locations in main memory Commonly 2K to 16K bytes
Too small more (slow) accesses Too large unnecessary info in main memory
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VM Address Translation
Virtual Page Number
High-order bits Which page Low-order bits Word within page Validity Modification Restrictions (read/write)
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Offset
Control Bits
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VM Address Translation
Page Table
Info about main memory location of each page Kept in main memory MMU cache for most recently accessed pages
Area of main memory that can hold one page
Page Frame
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VM Address Translation
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Memory Management
Operating System
Application Programs
Protection
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Change in magnetization guaranteed at midpoint of each bit Provides clocking info for synchronization
More efficient Better storage density More complex control circuitry
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Disk Drive
Disk Controller
Electronic circuitry
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Formatting
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Access Time
Seek Time
Latency Time
Times measured in ms
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Disk Controller
Data Buffer
Difference in transfer rates between disk and bus Also serves as a disk cache Main memory address disk address Word count OS loaded into main memory Nonvolatile ROM stores monitor program Boot block with loader program
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Read/Write Requests
Booting
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RAID
Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks RAID 0
Performance enhancement Single large file stored in several separate disk units Disks deliver data in parallel Relaibility Storing identical copies of data on two disks Mirror
RAID 1
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RAID
RAID 2, RAID 3, RAID 4
Reliability Various parity checking schemes Reliability Parity-based error-recovery scheme Distributed across disks
Performance and reliability Hybrid of RAID 0 and RAID 1
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RAID 5
RAID 10
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Optical Disks
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CD vs. DVD
Compact Disk (CD)
Capacity
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Memory Hierarchy
Processor Registers
Increasing Size
Primary Cache
Increasing Speed
Increasing Cost
Secondary Cache
Main Memory
Secondary Memory
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Questions?
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