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In fact,
complex problems and has a major impact on the performance of the aircraft system.
from free stream conditions to the conditions required at the entrance of the
fan or compressor with minimum total pressure loss.
Also, because the installed engine performance depends on the inlet's installation
losses (additive drag, fore body or cowl drag, bypass air, boundary-layer bleed air, etc.), the design of the inlet should minimize these losses.
expense of another.
The design and operation of subsonic and supersonic inlets differ considerably due to the characteristics of the flow.
numbers.
The cross section of a typical subsonic inlet and its geometric parameters are shown in the following figures.
than the inlet area A1, variable inlet geometry is not required (except sometimes
blow-in doors or auxiliary inlets are used to reduce installation drag during takeoff). The material in this section on subsonic inlets is based on a fixed-geometry inlet.
damage,
inlet flow upwash and downwash, exhaust gas reingestion, ground clearance) 3) Aircraft attitude envelope (angle of attack, yaw angle, cross-wind takeoff) 4) Inlet total pressure ratio and distortion levels required for engine operation
0.8. This will provide some margin for growth or error because the onedimensional Mach number at the throat corresponding to actual inlet choke
is about 0.9.
calculated by using:
and reduces to
When the previous equation is used for calculation of the dynamic inlet distortion,
the average total pressure in the denominator is the spatial average at an instant in time, and the maximum and minimum total pressures are for that same instant in time.
In addition, the nature of supersonic flow makes this inlet more difficult to design and
integrate into the airframe. In supersonic flight, the flow is decelerated by shock waves that can produce a total pressure loss much greater than, and in addition to, the boundary-layer losses.
shock alone.
An engine overall compression ratio is the product of the engine's ram, diffuser, and compressor pressure ratios:
In the following figure, A/A*, P/Pt, and T/Tt are plotted vs the Mach number.
Note that A/A* varies from a minimum of 1 to 4.23 at M = 3. This large variation tends to complicate supersonic inlet design.
COMBUSTORS
The combustion processes occur with the vaporized fuel and air mixed on a molecular scale.
The rate of this reaction depends on both the static pressure P and
temperature T in a very complex way.
COMBUSTORS
For many situations, the reaction rate can be approximated by a form of the Arrhenius equation written for the mass rate of reaction as:
COMBUSTORS
Where:
n is an exponent that depends on the number of molecules involved in a reactive collision; f(T) is a function that relates the reaction rate to the forms of energy (translation, rotation, and vibration) the molecules have; the term exp[-E/(RT)] accounts for the number of molecular collisions in which the energy of
COMBUSTORS
For hydrocarbon-air combustion, n = 1.8. At low pressures, the reaction rate becomes slow and can become limiting for aircraft engines at very high
altitudes.
However, under most operating conditions, the rate of combustion is limited by the rate at which the fuel is vaporized and mixed with air.
COMBUSTORS
In most combustors, the fuel is injected as an atomized liquid-droplet spray into the hot reaction zone where it mixes with air and hot combustion gases.
The atomized fuel vaporizes, and then the vapor is mixed with air. If the temperature
and pressure in the reaction zone are sufficiently high, the reaction rate will be fast and the fuel vapor will react as it comes in contact with sufficient oxygen.
COMBUSTORS
The stoichiometric fuel/air ratio for the typical hydrocarbon fuel can be estimated by assuming octane as a representative hydrocarbon and writing
COMBUSTORS
For this reason, the stoichiometric fuel/air ratio is found to be
The equivalence ratio ( is the actual fuel/air ratio divided by the fuel/air ratio required for complete combustion (stoichiometric fuel/air ratio), or
COMBUSTORS
The equivalence ratio is greater than 1.0 for rich fuel/air ratio and less than 1.0 for a lean fuel/air mixture.
SUPERSONIC COMBUSTION
Generally, in an air-breathing engine, flow speed in a combustor becomes faster as flight speed increases. The flow speed in the combustor can be supersonic (over
Mach number 1) when the flight speed becomes hypersonic (over Mach number 5).
The air-breathing engine being that flow speed in the combustor is supersonic, called Scramjet engine, is one of the key technologies to develop hypersonic airbreathing propulsion system.
SUPERSONIC COMBUSTION
SUPERSONIC COMBUSTION
While most of the ordinal combustion systems are in a subsonic flow field, combustion in the Scramjet occurs in a supersonic flow field and there are many
works to study.
One of them is an interaction between shock wave and combustion. We introduced an oblique shock wave to the flow field of vertical fuel injection from a wall, which is one of the most representative fuel-supplying schemes for the Scramjet combustor.
SUPERSONIC COMBUSTION
As a result, an extinction limit depended on the location of the incident shock wave was confirmed. While the most important flame-holding region is
SCRAMJET
A scramjet (supersonic combusting ramjet) is a variant of a ramjet airbreathing jet engine in which combustion takes place in supersonic airflow. As in ramjets, a scramjet relies on high vehicle speed to forcefully compress the incoming air before combustion (hence ramjet), but a ramjet decelerates the air to subsonic velocities before combustion, airflow in a scramjet is supersonic throughout the entire engine.
SCRAMJET
This allows the scramjet to operate efficiently at extremely high speeds: theoretical projections place the top speed of a scramjet between Mach 12 (8,400 mph; 14,000 km/h) and Mach 24 (16,000 mph; 25,000 km/h). The scramjet is composed of three basic components: a converging inlet, where incoming air is compressed; a combustor, where gaseous fuel is burned with
atmospheric oxygen to produce heat; and a diverging nozzle, where the heated air is
accelerated to produce thrust.
SCRAMJET
Unlike a typical jet engine, such as a turbojet or turbofan engine, a scramjet does not use rotating, fan-like components to compress the air; rather, the
SCRAMJET
For a scramjet, the kinetic energy of the freestream air entering the scramjet engine is large comparable to the energy released by the reaction of the
SCRAMJET
Depending on the fuel, the kinetic energy of the air and the potential combustion heat release will be equal at around Mach 8. Thus the design of a scramjet engine is as much about minimizing drag as maximizing thrust.
SCRAMJET
This high speed makes the control of the flow within the combustion chamber more difficult. Since the flow is supersonic, no downstream influence propagates within the freestream of the combustion chamber. Thus throttling of the entrance to the thrust nozzle is not a usable control technique. In effect, a block of gas entering the combustion chamber must mix with fuel and have sufficient time for
initiation and reaction, all the while traveling supersonically through the combustion chamber,
before the burned gas is expanded through the thrust nozzle.
SCRAMJET
This places stringent requirements on the pressure and temperature of the flow, and requires that the fuel injection and mixing be extremely efficient. Usable dynamic pressures lie in the range 20 to 200 kilopascals (2.9 to 29.0 psi), where
SCRAMJET
Where:
q is the dynamic pressure of the gas
BIBLIOGRAPHY
http://web.mit.edu/e_peters/Public/Rockets/Rocket_Propulsion_Elements.pd f Fundamentals of Compression Process, Chapter 2 http://www.ifs.tohoku.ac.jp/enerdyn/en/en_researches_supersonic.htm http://web.mit.edu/e_peters/Public/Rockets/Rocket_Propulsion_Elements.pd f Elements of Propulsion Gas Turbines and Rockets. J D. Mattingly