Understanding The Internet Protocol (IP) For RF Technicians

Understanding the Internet Protocol (IP) for RF Technicians
Dan Baum Systems Engineer Cisco [date]

SCTE_IP_Basics 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
Objectives
Better understand the Internet Protocols (IP) background and popularity in todays networks
Better understand the Internet Protocol Suite; including applications
Better understand a Routers role in IP communications

Better understand the operation of IP in cable networks Better understand the use of IP for delivering Voice, Video, Home Networking and other services Gain a fundamental understanding of IP version 6
Presentation_ID
2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
Cisco Confidential
Agenda
Internet Protocol (IP) background
Internet Protocol Suite IP applications and services Routing IP IP in cable networks Using IP to deliver services
Introduction to IP version 6
Q&A
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
Internet Protocol (IP) Background
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
Internet Protocol History Lesson

Work began in mid 1970s for an internet technology First packet-based switching network was ARPANET
Internet Protocols in current form took shape 1977-1979 The global Internet (what we have today) began in 1980 In 1983 the Office of the Secretary of Defense mandated that all devices connected to long haul networks use TCP/IP In 1986 the National Science Foundation funded an effort to create a wide area backbone network called NSFNET and connected it to ARPANET Today it is estimated there are over 1.4 Billion Internet users
5
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
IP Standards and Specifications

Based on open systems interconnection
No single vendor owns the TCP/IP technology Publicly available Facilitate communication between devices of diverse hardware architectures Supported on multiple Operating Systems Contained in Internet Request For Comments; http://www.ietf.org
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
Why Use the Internet Protocol?

The Internet Protocol is the de facto standard for the Internet
Applications can quickly and easily be built upon an IP foundation
The Internet Protocol suite is an open specification allowing for interoperability

Resources for information related to IP are easy to find
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
What is the Internet Protocol?

Officially named the TCP/IP Internet Protocol Suite Suite of protocols which define how devices communicate with each other
Facilitates communication between networks and devices of varying underlying technologies Provides various Application Level Services
Electronic Mail File Transfer Terminal Emulation Streaming Media World Wide Web Based Services
Isnt unique to the Global Internet; applies to private networks as well

Presentation_ID 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential
Internet Protocol Suite
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
Internet Protocol Suite

OSI Layers Application Presentation Session IPS Layers Internet Protocol Suite
Application
FTP, TFTP, TELNET, SMTP, HTTP, DNS, BOOTP, TFTP, SNMP

TCP or UDP (BGP and RIP) IP, ARP, ICMP, OSPF Ethernet, Packet Over SONET, Wireless
Transport Network Data link Physical
Transport Internet Network Interface
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
10
Network Interface Layer
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
11
Network Interface Layer

Host
TCP/IP The Internet or Private Networks

Mutliple Layer 2 Technologies
Host
Varying underlying technologies - Ethernet - Packet Over SONET - Frame Relay Different geographic locations Talking Frames
12
Internet Layer
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
13
Internet Layer
IP Packet format
IP Address Network Mask Default Gateway Private IP Addresses Address Resolution
Internet Control Message Protocol
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
14
IP Packet Format
Up to 1500 Bytes
IP Header 20 Bytes
TCPData or UDP Header Variable Length 24 or 8 Bytes
an IP Header applied Data is encapsulated in a Transport Protocol TheThen process starts with is Data to be transmitted
Ethernet Header 14 Bytes
IP Header 20 Bytes TCP or UDP Header 24 or 8 Bytes Data Variable Length
FCS 4 Bytes
The Ethernet Packet isframe then packaged with IP Packet in a Data is Transmitted Link frame
15
IP Header Information
Version = 4 bits
Length = 4 bits Type of Service (TOS) = 8 bits Total Length = 16 bits
IP Header 20 Bytes
Identification = 16 bits
Flags = 3 bits Fragment Offset = 13 bits TTL = 8 bits Protocol = 8 bits Header Checksum = 16 bits Source IP Address = 32 bits
Destination IP Address = 32 bits

16
IP Address
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
17
IP Address
A 32 bit number divided into octets where each octet has a value of 0-255; example 192.168.1.1 Uniquely identifies an IP enabled device on an IP network
It is common to use a dotted decimal representation of 4 octets

Addresses can be assigned Statically or Dynamically Most servers (email, web, DNS) use a static IP address and most clients (PCs, Laptops, Cable Modems, etc) use dynamic addresses assigned via DHCP Example:
192.168.1.1 is the same as: 11000000.10101000.00000001.00000001 binary
IP Addresses are assigned in blocks by ARIN (American Registry of Internet Numbers)

18
IP Address
An IP Address is a UNIQUE identifier assigned to EVERY device on a network. It is used to allow communications between devices on a network
An IP Address is 32 bits (or 4 bytes) in length It takes the form of N.N.N.N where N is a number from 0 to 255 e.g. 192.168.1.1
19
IP Address
32 Bits Dotted Decimal Maximum
1
Network
Host
192
8 9
168
16 17
1
24 25
1
32
Binary
11000000 10101000 00000001 00000001

128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
20
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
IP Address Classes
8 Bits 8 Bits Host 8 Bits Host Host 8 Bits Host Host Host
Class A:
Network
Class B:
Class C: Class D: Class E:
Network Network
Network Network Network
Multicast Research
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
21
IP Address Classes
Bits: 1 8 9 16 17 24 25 32
Class A:
Bits:
0NNNNNNN
Range (1-126) 1 8 9
Host
16 17 Network
Host
24 25 Host
Host
32 Host
Class B:
Bits:
10NNNNNN
Range (128-191) 1 8 9
110NNNNN Range (192-223) 1 8 9 1110MMMM Network
16 17
Network 16 17
24 25
Host 24 25
32
Class C:
Bits:
32
Class D:
Presentation_ID
Multicast Group Multicast Group Multicast Group
Range (224-239)
Cisco Confidential
22
Network Mask
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
23
Network Mask
A Network Mask is associated with an IP Address and defines a boundary IP devices use to determine whether or not packets need to be forwarded to a Gateway
A Network Mask is 32 bits (or 4 bytes) in length
It takes the form of N.N.N.N where N is a number from 0 to 255

i.e. 255.255.255.0
24
Network Mask
Default Mask for a Class A Network is 255.0.0.0, Default Mask for a Class B Network is 255.255.0.0, Default Mask for a Class C Network is 255.255.255.0 The Network Mask indicates how many bits are being used for the Network Portion of an Address
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
25
Network Mask Notations

10.0.0.0 mask 255.0.0.0 is equivalent to 10.0.0.0/8
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
26
Default Gateway
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
27
Default Gateway - Default Router

A gateway forwards data from the local (sub) network to another (sub) network
When a IP host needs to communicate with another IP host on a different IP network i.e. 170.10.0.0 to 192.1.1.0 or a different sub-network i.e. 192.168.1.64 to 192.168.1.128
Data must be forwarded through a gateway THIS FUNCTION IS NORMALLY DONE BY A
ROUTER OR LAYER 3 SWITCH

28
Private IP Addresses
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
29
Private IP Address Space - RFC 1918

As defined in RFC 1918
Class A Address - Network 10.0.0.0
Class B Address - Networks 172.16.0.0 to 172.31.0.0
Class C Address - Range from 192.168.1.0 to 192.168.255.0

If you use any of these addresses in your network, then you MUST use address translation if you want to connect to the INTERNET
30
Private IP Address Space

Private addresses can be used in any network internally, they cannot be used for the global Internet Class A Private Addresses: 10.0.0.0 to 10.255.255.255 Class B Private Addresses:
172.16.0.0 to 172.31.255.255
Class C Private Addresses: 192.168.0.0 to 192.168.255.255
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
31
Address Resolution
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
32
Host Addresses
Every Host has at least 2 addresses

1. A protocol address (i.e. IP address 172.16.1.1) 2. A Media address (i.e. Ethernet MAC address of the Network Interface Card 00:00:0c:12:34:56)
When a device wants to talk,

1. It uses the PROTOCOL address to identify the device it wants to talk to, and.. 2. The MEDIA address to send the data to the target device or gateway on the same segment
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
33
Address Resolution Protocol - ARP

ARP works by broadcasting packets to all hosts attached to the LAN
ARP packet contains IP address in which sender is interested in communicating with Hosts keep a list of ARP responses in an ARP table ARP is propagated through Bridges/Switches but not through Routers
Address Resolution Protocol
www.ietf.org
Open Standards
34
ARP
I need the Ethernet address of 172.16.3.2 172.16.3.1 172.16.3.2 I heard that broadcast. The message is for me. Here is my Ethernet address.
IP: 172.16.3.2 = ??? IP: 172.16.3.2 Ethernet: 0800.0020.1111 Now the IP Address is mapped to the MAC address, yielding a table like this: IP 172.16.3.2 : MAC 0800.0200.1111 Next time I want to talk to 172.16.3.2 I dont have to use ARP since its already in my table.
35
Internet Control Message Protocol
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
36
Internet Control Message Protocol - ICMP

IP protocol number 1
Used for troubleshooting Error Reporting Mechanism
Notifies Hosts and Routers of presence and type of errors
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
37
Ping
Packet InterNet Groper Check end-to-end network connectivity Baseline network layer performance
Depending on implementation can indicate:

Host Alive
Roundtrip Delay
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
38
Traceroute
Used to determine path through a network between two endpoints Uses the IP Time To Live (TTL) field Initiated via Echo Request or UDP probe on high ports Narrow down connectivity issues Baseline network performance on a hop by hop basis
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
39
Time To Live
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
40
Time To Live - TTL

Mechanism to prevent loops in an IP Network
Originating host sets the initial TTL value Intermediate hops, i.e. routers, decrement the TTL value by 1 When TTL expires:
- The packet is dropped - An ICMP report is sent back to the source
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
41
TTL
Host 1 TTL = 10
10.1.1.1
Host 2
20.1.1.1
TTL = 9
TTL = 6
TTL = 8
TTL = 7
42
TTL
Host 1 TTL = 10
10.1.1.1
Host 2
20.1.1.1
TTL = 9TTL = 0
TTL = 6
Introduce a loop with broken routing
TTL = 8
TTL = 7
43
Transport Layer
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
44
Transmission Control Protocol - TCP

Connection oriented Reliable transport
Assumes very little about the underlying protocol and architecture

HTTP, Email, Telnet, FTP
TCP is a Transport Layer Protocol used to provide reliable, connection oriented communications between two devices. Each packet transmitted is acknowledged by the receiving station.
45
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
User Datagram Protocol - UDP

Connectionless Unreliable by nature
Upper layer applications responsible for reliability

Real time applications VoIP, Video over IP UDP is a Transport Layer Protocol used to provide fast, connectionless communications between to devices. Each packet transmitted is not acknowledged and reliability is left up to higher layer protocols and/or applications.
46
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
Application Layer
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
47
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol DHCP

RFC 2131
Protocol used to supply IP Layer information to Hosts IP Address Subnet Mask IP Gateway DNS Server(s)
Often used to simplify the management of IP Address Space

Prevents undertaking laborious task of manually configuring many Hosts
48
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
DHCP
DHCPREQUEST DHCPDISCOVER Host DHCPOFFER DHCPACK DHCP Server
I need an IP Address You can use this IP Address I will use that IP Address
Acknowledged
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
49
Domain Name Service - DNS

RFCs 1034 and 1035
Resolves hostname with domain to matching IP Address Easier to remember www.cisco.com than 198.133.219.25 Utilizes TCP and UDP as underlying Transport Protocols Alternative to Host Tables on all Hosts
Domain Name Service
www.ietf.org
Open Standards
50
DNS - Name Resolution

www.cisco.com = 172.16.3.2
I need the IP Address for www.cisco.com
I heard that request. Here is the IP Address.
www.cisco.com = ???
www.cisco.com = 172.16.3.2
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
51
IP Routing
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
52
What is Routing?
Routing is the process of forwarding a datagram from one hop to the next
Routers forward traffic to a logical destination in an internetwork Routers perform two primary functions
Routing share/learn network routes Switching take packets from the inbound interface and send them through the outbound interface
Routers are a fundamental component to the very fabric of the Internet

53
Why are Routers Important?

Separate internetworks into logical entities
Maintain Routing information for end stations Dynamically update Routing information as networks become available/unavailable Determine the best path for communication through the internetwork
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
54
Why are Routers Important?

As the network topology changes, all routers will update their tables using their chosen routing protocol. (e.g. OSPF) When a new link from Network make 5 to Network 6 is established. The routers on Network 5 Routers internetworking possible. and 6 will advertise the new route to Network 3. If the link from Network 5 to Network 3 breaks, the routers will update their tables and will choose the next best path which is now through Network 6.
cannow no longer IIcan get to reach Network Network 6 3 directly! directly!
Network 1 Network 3
Network 4
Network 5
I can now get to Network 5 directly!
Network 2
Network 6
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
55
General Networking Concepts
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
56
Packet Types
Three types of Packets
Unicast
Only one end-point for the packet
Multicast
Only select endpoints (those who asked for it) should receive a copy of the packet
Broadcast
All end points should receive the packet
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
57
Unicast
IP packet 24.1.2.3 src server src 24.1.2.3 dst 52.6.7.8 misc info TCP/UDP header payload
router
router
router
router
OSPF BGP
router
router
router
router
eQAM_1
eQAM_2
eQAM_3 52.6.7.8
eQAM_4
eQAM_n
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
58
Multicast
IP packet 24.1.2.3 src server src 24.1.2.3 dst 239.4.5.6 misc info TCP/UDP header payload
multicast address space 224.0.0.0239.255.255.255

router
router
router
router
router
router
router
router
eQAM_1 42.0.0.6 send 239.4.5.6 to me

Presentation_ID
eQAM_2 31.9.0.5
eQAM_3 52.6.7.8 send 239.4.5.6 to me

Cisco Confidential
eQAM_4 122.55.4.1 send 239.4.5.6 to me
eQAM_n 60.3.2.1 send 239.4.5.6 to me
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Quality of Service
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
60
TOS and DSCP

Type of Service (TOS) and Differentiated Services Code Point (DSCP) Used to differentiate traffic types Provide priority queuing to important packets Originating host or intermediate routers can set TOS value Intermediate routers can act upon (Per Hop Behavior) or modify the value TOS has been expanded to Differentiated Services Code Point (DSCP) to provide more levels of service TOS and DSCP are important to classify and prioritize services such as:
Voice over IP Broadcast Video Video on Demand
This ensures our customers have a pleasant TV viewing experience and coherent phone conversations
61
Sample ToS/DSCP Effect
Voice Video Data

Step 1: Define Scheduling
10% 40% 50%
Low Latency, High Servicing (Voice)
Broadcast Video High Speed Data
Step 2: Define Bandwidth
Class definition sets minimum bandwidth Queue servicing (metering) controls latency Unused capacity is shared amongst the other classes Each Class can be separately configured for QoS
2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential
Presentation_ID
62
Ethernet
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
63
Ethernet Overview
Invented by Xerox in Early 1970s
Became IEEE Standard in 1980s

Ethernet Version 2 Jointly Developed by Digital Equipment Corp, Intel Corp, and Xerox
Popular as a Layer 2 Protocol
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
64
Ethernet Overview
Ethernet Speeds
Ethernet - 10 Million Bits Per Second Fast Ethernet - 100 Million Bits Per Second
Gigabit Ethernet - 1000 Million Bits Per Second or 1 Gbps

Ten Gigabit Ethernet - 10000 Million Bits Per Second or 10 Gbps
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
65
Ethernet Overview
Destination MAC Address
Ethernet Frame
Dest Addr Src Addr
Type
Data Payload (IP) Up to 1500 Bytes
FCS
Source MAC Address
Type field IPv4 = x0800
Frame Check Sequence (CRC)
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
66
Why Ethernet?
Gigabit Ethernet and Ten Gigabit Ethernet offer high throughput capabilities Ethernet relatively inexpensive compared to other technologies offering the same throughput Ethernet is well known and understood; resources abound
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
67
MAC Address
MAC = Media Access Control
Hardware identifier Burned in at time of manufacturing 6 Bytes in length Uniquely identifies devices connected to Ethernet Organization Unit Identifier is first 3 bytes Example: Cisco has OUI of 00-00-0c
Typical Formats
00-00-0c-12-34-56 0000.0c12.3456 00:00:0c:12:34:56
68
Putting it all Together
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
69
Putting It All Together

1. Information to transmit - Node A to Node B
2. Determine which Protocol to use TCP or UDP 3. Name Resolution www.cisco.com to 192.168.1.1 4. Address Resolution 192.168.100.1 to 00:00:0c:12:34:56 5. Send Information to local Router to get on the Network 6. Router determines QoS tag and queues appropriately 7. Information flows from Hop to Hop (Router to Router) until it reaches the destination
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
70
IPv6 Fundamentals
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
71
What changed from IPv4?

Expanded address space Addresses quadrupled from 32 bits to 128 bits Header Format Simplification Fixed length, optional headers are daisy chained IPv6 header is double that of IPv4, from 20 to 40 bytes No checksum at the IP network layer Relies on lower layer (POS, Ethernet, etc) or upper application layer (TCP, UDP) No hop-by-hop segmentation/fragmentation Path MTU discovery mandated No broadcast
72
IPv4 & IPv6 Header Comparison

IPv4 Header
Version IHL Type of Service Total Length
IPv6 Header RFC 2460

Version Traffic Class Flow Label
Identification
Flags
Fragment Offset
Payload Length
Next Header
Hop Limit
Time to Live
Protocol
Header Checksum
Source Address Destination Address

Options Padding
Source Address
Legend
- fields name kept from IPv4 to IPv6 - fields not kept in IPv6 - Name & position changed in IPv6
Destination Address
- New field in IPv6

2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential
Presentation_ID
73
Larger Address Space

IPv4
32 bits = 4,294,967,296 possible addressable devices
IPv6
128 bits =3.4 X 1038 possible addressable devices =340,282,366,920,938,463,463,374,607,431,768,211,456 5 x 1028 addresses per person on the planet 13 quintillion IPv4 domains per person (a quintillion is one million trillion)
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
74
IPv6 Addressing
IPv6 addressing rules are covered by multiple RFCs
Architecture defined by RFC 4291 3 Address types: Unicast: One to One (Global and Link Local) An identifier for a single interface. A packet sent to a unicast address is delivered to the interface identified by that address. Anycast: One to Nearest (Allocated from Unicast) An identifier for a set of interfaces (typically belonging to different nodes). A packet sent to an anycast address is delivered to one of the interfaces identified by that address (the "nearest" one, according to the routing protocols' measure of distance). Multicast: One to Many
An identifier for a set of interfaces (typically belonging to different nodes). A packet sent to a multicast address is delivered to all interfaces identified by that address.
No Broadcast address, use multicast instead
75
IPv6 Address Representation

All addresses are 128 bits.
16-bit fields in case insensitive colon hexadecimal representation Preferred form

2031:0000:130F:0000:0000:09C0:876A:130B
Leading zeros in a field are optional:

2031:0:130F:0:0:9C0:876A:130B Successive fields of 0 represented as ::, but only once in an address Compressed form 2031:0:130F::9C0:876A:130B 2031::130F::9C0:876A:130B 0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1 => ::1 0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0 => ::
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
76
Address Type Identification

Localhost: Multicast: Link-Local IPv6 Addresses 00..1 (128 bits) 1111 1111 1111 1110 10 x x (FE80, FE90, FEA0, FEB0) ::1/128 FF00::/8 FE80::/10
equivalent to 127.0.0.1 in IPv4
Used within a network segment

Global Unicast: Everything else
All address types (except multicast) have to support EUI-64 (64 bit extended unique identifier)
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
77
IPv6 Global Unicast Addresses
001
Global Routing Prefix
Subnet ID
Interface ID
IPv6 Global Unicast addresses are:

Addresses for generic use of IPv6
n bits Provider
(64-n) bits Site
64 bits Host
Structured as hierarchy to keep the aggregation
First 3 bits 001 (2000::/3) is the first allocation from IANA for IPv6 Unicast use
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
78
Dual Stack Approach

IPv4 Application IPv6-enable Application
TCP
UDP
TCP
UDP
IPv4
IPv6
IPv4
IPv6
0x0800
0x86dd
0x0800
0x86dd
Frame Protocol ID
Data Link (Ethernet)
Data Link (Ethernet)
Dual stack node means:

Both IPv4 and IPv6 stacks enabled Applications can talk to both Choice of the IP version is based on name lookup and application preference * Does not mean that all applications are dual stack aware
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
79
Q and A
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
80
References
http://www.ietf.org
RFC 761 DoD Standard Transmission Control Protocol RFC 768 User Datagram Protocol RFC 791 Internet Protocol RFCs 1034 and 1035 Domain names concepts and facilities, Domain names implementation and specification RFC 1918 Address Allocation for Private Internets RFC 2131 Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
81
References cont.
RFC 2460 Internet Protocol, Version 6 (IPv6) Specification
RFC 4291 IP Version 6 Addressing Architecture Internetworking with TCP/IP by Douglas E. Comer
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
82
Contact Info
Dan Baum
Cisco Systems danbaum@cisco.com
469-255-2021
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
83
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
84

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Understanding the Internet Protocol (IP) for RF Technicians

Dan Baum Systems Engineer Cisco [date]

Better understand a Routers role in IP communications

2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Internet Protocol (IP) Background

2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Internet Protocol History Lesson

2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

IP Standards and Specifications

2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Why Use the Internet Protocol?

The Internet Protocol suite is an open specification allowing for interoperability

2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

What is the Internet Protocol?

Isnt unique to the Global Internet; applies to private networks as well

Internet Protocol Suite

2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Internet Protocol Suite

FTP, TFTP, TELNET, SMTP, HTTP, DNS, BOOTP, TFTP, SNMP

Transport Network Data link Physical

Transport Internet Network Interface

2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Network Interface Layer

2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Network Interface Layer

TCP/IP The Internet or Private Networks

2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Internet Control Message Protocol

2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

TCPData or UDP Header Variable Length 24 or 8 Bytes

Destination IP Address = 32 bits

2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

It is common to use a dotted decimal representation of 4 octets

IP Addresses are assigned in blocks by ARIN (American Registry of Internet Numbers)

11000000 10101000 00000001 00000001

2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Network Network Network

2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Multicast Group Multicast Group Multicast Group

2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

A Network Mask is 32 bits (or 4 bytes) in length

It takes the form of N.N.N.N where N is a number from 0 to 255

2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Network Mask Notations

172.16.0.0 mask 255.255.0.0 is equivalent to 172.16.0.0/16

192.168.1.0 mask 255.255.255.0 is equivalent to 192.168.1.0/24

2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Default Gateway - Default Router

ROUTER OR LAYER 3 SWITCH

2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Private IP Address Space - RFC 1918

Class A Address - Network 10.0.0.0

Class B Address - Networks 172.16.0.0 to 172.31.0.0

Class C Address - Range from 192.168.1.0 to 192.168.255.0

Private IP Address Space

2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Every Host has at least 2 addresses

When a device wants to talk,

2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.