HEART AND BLOOD VESSELS

Maya Tejasari

HISTOLOGY DEPARTMENT BANDUNG ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY

I. GENERAL FEATURES

Circulatory system
A. General Function
Transport and homeostatic distribution of
oxygen, nutrients, wastes, body fluids

and solutes and immune system

component.

B. The two systems

1. The cardiovascular system Closed system

Pump
Four components : heart, arteries, veins, capillary

Blood vessels contribute to homeostasis by providing the structures for the blood flow to and from the heart, and the exchange of nutrients and wastes in tissues. They also play important role in adjusting the velocity and volume of blood flow

2. The lymphatic vascular system

Moves only one direction Lacks separate pump

Three types :

Lymphatic capillaries
Lymphatic vessels Lymphatic ducts

C. Walls of the blood and lymphatic vessels

1. Tunica intimae
Innermost layer Endothelium and subendothelial layer Internal elastic lamina (artery)

2. Tunica media

Middle layer
Vascular smooth muscle fibers Arteries lamina thicker, external elastic

3. Tunica adventitia

Outermost layer
Connective tissue, Collagen and elastic fibers In veins adventitia is the thickest layer

Vasa vasarum

Walls of the blood vessels

II. BLOOD VESSELS

Classified according to type and size

A. ARTERIES
Three types : a. Large elastic arteries, conducting arteries exp : Aorta, pulmonary arteries, common carotid arteries, large lumen T. intimae - endothelium cells - subendothelial : elastic fibers, collagen, smooth muscle cells. Internal elastic lamina

T. Media
- concentric fenestrated elastic lamellae - some collagen fibers and smooth muscle cells

Poorly defined external elastic lamina T. Adventitia :

Scattered collagen fibers

Small elastic fibers Vasa vasorum

Small lymphatic
Nerve fibers

ELASTIC ARTERY

b. Medium (Muscular) arteries Medium sized, distributing arteries Relatively thick wall More smooth muscle(40 layers) Fewer elastic fiber in t.media

Example a brachialis, a mesenteric superior

T. intima

Endothelium
Subendothelial connective tissue

Internal elastic lamina : prominent

T. media :
Thick Circularly smooth muscle layer

Elastic and reticular fibers

External elastic lamina

T. Adventitia relatively thin (smaller) than t. media Collagen fibers Elastic fibers Vasa vasorum

Internal Elastic Lamina media Adventitia

Photomicrograph of a section of muscular artery stained by Weigerts method for elastic

structures

Muscular artery (transverse section)

MUSCULAR ARTERY

Arterioles / resistance vessels

10 - 100 m T. intimae

Endothelium
Lack subendothelial connective tissue Membrane elastica interna (smaller arteriole)

T. Media : 1-5 layer, smooth muscles T. adventitia, very thin : collagen fibers

Metarteriole

Small branches of arteriole

Precapillary sphincters T. Intimae : Internal elastic membrane T. Media : single layer smooth muscle

10 100 capillaries capillary bed

 The distal end of a metarteriole has no smooth muscle fibers, which empties into a venule, is called thoroughfare channel

Blood flows intermittently through a capillary bed due to alternating contraction and relaxation of the smooth muscle of metarterioles and the precapillary sphincters is called vasomotion

Arteriole Muscular artery

Metarteriole

Capillary bed

Simplified schematic diagram of the vessels of the blood vascular system. Schematic cross sections of the various types of vessels are also shown. Compare the relative thickness of the 3 tunics in the cross-sections : intima (white, media (heavy stipple) and adventitia (light stipple).

B. VEINS
Thinner walls than arteries Thicker adventitia Valves

Three types : 1. Venules 2. Medium and small size 3. Large

1. Venules :

T. Intimae, endothelium
T. Media and adventitia very thin Contractile Pericytes

2. Small and medium sized V. saphena, hepatic portal

T. Intimae : endothelium + subendothellial connective tissue, valves +

Internal elastic membrane -

T. Media :
thin smooth muscle cells and elastic fibers

T. adventitia, relatively thick

3. Large Vein
e.g. superior and inferior venaecavae T. Intimae : Endothelium and subendothelial connective tissue Valve + (2 semilunar folds of the tunica intima that project into the lumen)

T. Media : smooth muscle, reticular fibers, collagen, elastic fibers T. Adventitia : Thickest Prominent bundles of smooth muscle + collagen fibers Vasa vasorum

WALL OF LARGE VEIN

Arteriole Muscular artery

Metarteriole

Capillary bed

Simplified schematic diagram of the vessels of the blood vascular system. Schematic cross sections of the various types of vessels are also shown. Compare the relative thickness of the 3 tunics in the cross-sections : intima (white, media (heavy stipple) and adventitia (light stipple).

C. BLOOD CAPILLARIES
7 9 m Single layer endothelial cells with bulging nuclei Basal lamina Contractile Pericytes/mesenchymall cell

At the junction of a capillary, there is a ring of smooth muscle (precapillary sphincter)

Capillaries

E : Endothelial cells P : Pericytes

TYPES OF CAPILLARIES
a. Continuous capillaries Smooth nonporous Junctional complexes Muscles, the brain and peripheral nerves

b. Fenestrated capillaries Fenestrae : + Two types : - unobstructed pores

- Pores + , thin diaphragm

Kidneys : intestines, endocrine glands

c. Sinusoidal capillaries (discontinuous) Wide lumens Follow a tortuous path Gaps between endothelial cells Fenestration ++ Phagocytic cells Discontinuous basal lamina

Liver, spleen, bone marrow

Continuous 2a b

Fenestrated

Discontinuous

Capillaries are known as exchange vessels The flow of blood from arterioles to venules through capillaries is called microcirculation (< 0.1 mm)

CONNECTIONS BETWEEN SMALL ARTERIES AND VEINS

1. 2. 3. 4.

Capillaries Arteriovenous anastomoses Glomus Portal system

III. HEART A. Chambers

Two atria Two ventricles

B. Tunics, walls of the heart

1. Endocardium Endothelium Subendothelial connective tissue Subendocardium Purkinje fibers 2. Myocardium : cardiac muscles 3. Epicardium Visceral pericardium Single layer squamous Subepicardial con. Tissue vessels, nerves, adipose

HEART

CARDIAC MUSCLE&PURKINJE FIBERS

Cardiac Skeleton
As the base of the valve & origin/insertion of

the cardiac muscle

Annuli fibrosae

Trigona fibrosae
Septum membranaceum cells
These structures consist of dense connective tissue, with thick collagen fibers oriented in various directions. Certain regions contain nodules of fibrous cartilage.

Cardiac valve

The cardiac valves central core of dense fibrous connective tissue (containing both collagen and elastic fibers), lined on both sides by endothelial layers.
The bases of the valves are attached to the annuli fibrosi of the fibrous skeleton.

The conducting system

Sinoatrial node (pacemaker node)
Modified cardiac muscle cells that fusiform, smaller than atrial muscle cells, and has fewer myofibrils

Atrioventicular (AV) node

modified cardiac muscle cells that fusiform, smaller than atrial muscle cells, and has fewer myofibrils. Their cytoplasmic projections branch in various directions, forming a network.

Atrioventicular (AV) bundle (of his) : bundle of

specialized conducting cardiac fibers, located in the interventricular septum

Purkinje fibers
Modified cardiac muscle cells, have one or two central nuclei, and their cytoplasm is rich in mitochondria and glucogen. after traveling in the subendocardic layer, they penetrate the ventricle and become intramyocardic.

Aorta
Superior vena cava Left bundle branch Anterior fascicle Sinoatrial node

Atrioventricular node

Bundle of His
Right bundle branch Posterior fascicle

Purkinje system

Diagram of the heart, showing the impulsegenerating and conducting system

Blood supply
Coronary artery

Lymphatic supply
Lymphatic capillaries in myocardium

Innervations
Myelinated and unmyelinated autonomic motor fiber Sympathetic increases heart rate decreases Parasympathetic