BEIT, 5th Semester 1/20

Data Transmission and

Line Coding
Ms. Tuhina Samanta
Lecturer
Dept of I.T.
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Digital Data, Digital Signal
Digital signal
Discrete, discontinuous voltage pulses
Each pulse is a signal element
Binary data encoded into signal elements

BEIT, 5th Semester 3/20
Line Coding
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Line Coding
Unipolar
All signal elements have same sign
Polar
One logic state represented by positive voltage
the other by negative voltage
Data rate
Rate of data transmission in bits per second
Duration or length of a bit
Time taken for transmitter to emit the bit
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Terms
Modulation rate
Rate at which the signal level changes
Measured in baud = signal elements per second
Mark and Space
Binary 1 and Binary 0 respectively


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Requirements of Encoding Schemes
Signal Spectrum
Lack of high frequencies reduces required bandwidth
Lack of dc component allows ac coupling via
transformer, providing isolation
Concentrate power in the middle of the bandwidth
Clocking
Synchronizing transmitter and receiver
External clock
Sync mechanism based on signal
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Requirements of Encoding Schemes
Error detection
Can be built in to signal encoding
Signal interference and noise immunity
Transparency to 1s and 0s.
Some codes are better than others
Cost and complexity
Higher signal rate (& thus data rate) lead to
higher costs
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Encoding Schemes (Line Coding)
Nonreturn to Zero-Level (NRZ-L)
Nonreturn to Zero Inverted (NRZI)
Bipolar -AMI
Pseudoternary
Manchester
Differential Manchester
B8ZS
HDB3

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Nonreturn to Zero-Level (NRZ-L)
Two different voltages for 0 and 1 bits
Voltage constant during bit interval
no transition i.e. no return to zero voltage
e.g. Absence of voltage for zero, constant
positive voltage for one
More often, negative voltage for one value and
positive for the other
This is NRZ-L
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NRZ
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NRZ pros and cons
Pros
Easy to engineer
Make good use of bandwidth
Cons
dc component
Lack of synchronization capability
Used for magnetic recording
Not often used for signal transmission
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Some Line Codes
1 1 0 0 1 0
ON-OFF(RZ)
POLAR (RZ)
BIPOLAR (RZ)
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Power Spectral Density (Polar-RZ)
Let R(t) time correlation function of pulse
train.
a
k
be pulse amplitude.
R
0
time average of square of the pulse
amplitude, (correlation of a
k
with a
k
)

lt
No
(1/N)
k
a
k
2
=

lt
No
(N)/(N) = 1
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Power Spectral Density (Polar-RZ)
R
1
= multiply a
k
and

a
k+1
th pulse. (correlation
between a
k
and

a
k+1
)
R
1
lt
No
(1/N) [ (N/2)(1) + (N/2)(-1) ] = 0
All R
n
= 0, n > 1

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PSD expression
PSD S
x
(e) is Fourier transform of Autocorrelation
R
x
(t)




assuming R(t) is even function of t.

PSD of the resulting line code is,
) ) cos( 2 (
1
) (
1
0

=
+ =
n
b n
b
x
T n R R
T
S e e
) ) cos( 2 (
| ) ( |
) ( | ) ( | ) (
1
0
2
2

=
+ = =
n
b n
b
x y
T n R R
T
P
S P S e
e
e e e

=
=
n
b n
b
x
nT R
T
R ) (
1
) ( t o t
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PSD of Polar Signaling
For polar coding let p(t) be a rectangular pulse
of width T
b
/2.
Then,
Therefore,

PSD of polar signaling is,

)
2
( )
2 /
( ) (
b b
T
t
rect
T
t
rect t p = =
)
4
( sin
2
) (
b b
T
c
T
P
e
e =
)
4
( sin
4
| ) ( | | ) ( |
) (
2
2
0
2
b b
b b
y
T
c
T
T
P
R
T
P
S
e e e
e = = =
T
b

T
b
/2.
p(t)
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Properties of Polar (RZ) Coding
If T
b
is pulse duration with pulse
width T
b
/2 then bandwidth is 2R
b
.
With pulse width T
b
bandwidth is
R
b.
Power Efficient.
Clock extraction is easier.

Essential bandwidth requirement
2R
b
not bandwidth efficient

No error detection-correction
capabilities
At e = 0, PSD is present, i.e. no
d.c. null
-4R
b
-2R
b
0 2R
b
4R
b
PSD
e
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BIPOLAR (RZ)
1 1 0 0 1 0
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Bipolar Coding
R
0
= lt
N
(1/N) [((N/2)(1)
2
+ ((N/2)(0)) ]
=
R
1
= lt
N
(1/N) [((N/4) (-1)) + ((3N/4)(0))]
= -1/4
R
2
= lt
N
(1/N) [ (N/8)(1) +(N/8)(-1) + (3N/4)(0)]
= 0
Remaining terms are zero. R
n
= 0 for n > 1
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PSD Expression
For half width pulse, PSD of bipolar line coding is,
)
2
( sin )
4
( sin
4
)
2
( sin
2
| ) ( |
] cos 1 [
2
| ) ( |
...] 0 ) cos( 2
2
1
[
| ) ( |
)] cos( 2 [
| ) ( |
) (
2 2
2
2 2
1
2
1
0
2
b b b
b
b
b
b
b
b
b
n
n
b
y
T T
c
T
T
T
P
T
T
P
T R
T
P
T n R R
T
P
S
e e
e e
e
e
e
e
e
e
e
=
= =
+ + + =
+ =

=
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Properties of Bipolar (RZ) Coding
D.C. null exists
Lesser bandwidth
Single error
detection possible

Twice as much
power as polar
signal
Not transparent to
long 0s and 1s
0 R
b
2R
b
PSD
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Bipolar
Polar
Split phase
R
b
2R
b
= 2t/T
b

PSD
P(e)
f
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High Density Bipolar Coding
HDBN coding with N = 1,2,3...
Popular choice of N is 3; 000V B00V;
B=1 confirms bipolar rule; V=1 violates bipolar rule
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Multilevel Binary
Use more than two levels
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Bipolar-AMI and Pseudoternary
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Bipolar-AMI
zero represented by no line signal
one represented by positive or negative pulse
one pulses alternate in polarity
No loss of sync if a long string of ones (zeros
still a problem)
No net dc component
Lower bandwidth
Easy error detection
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Exercise
Draw Manchester and Differential Manchester
line coding
Calculate PSD for pseudoternary and on-off
signaling
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Intersymbol Interference (ISI)
Pulse sent every T
b
sec.
Spreading of a pulse beyond T
b
will cause
interference with neighboring pulses ISI.
Nyquist Criterion for zero ISI,
= 1 for t = 0
p(t)
= 0 for t = nT
b
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R
b
-R
b
P(e)
-3/R
b
-2/R
b
-1/R
b
0 1/R
b
2/R
b

1
p(t)
1 for t = 0
p(t) = sinc(tR
b
t) =
0 for t = nT
b
Pulse satisfying Nyquist Criterion
t
f
)
2
(
1
) (
b
b
R
rect
R
P
t
e
e =
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Pulse satisfying Nyquist Criterion
Sinc pulse decays too slowly (as 1/t)
Pulse satisfying Nyquist criteria should
decay faster than 1/t
Such pulse requires bandwidth kR
b
/2, with
1s k s 2
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Roll-off factor
The b.w. of the spectrum
shown aside is e
b
/2 + e
x
Roll-off factor (r) = excess
bandwidth/theoretical
minimum bandwidth
= 2e
x
/

e
b

0srs1


Let theoretical minimum
b.w. R
b
/2 Hz
Then, B
T
= (R
b
/2) + (rR
b
/2)
T
b
T
b
/2
e
b
/2
e
x

P(e)
e
x

e
b

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Raised Cosine function:


The characteristic is also
called full-cosine-roll off
characteristic.
Decays as 1/t
3
The time domain representation
is (taking inverse Fourier Transform),
) ( sin
4 1
) cos(
) (
2 2
t R c
t R
t R
R t p
b
b
b
b
t
t

=
0
1
|P(e)|
e
x
= 0
e
x
= e
b
/2
e
t
T
b
2T
b
-T
b
-
2T
b
p(t)
[Ref. B.P.Lathi, Ch. 7]
)
4
( )
4
( cos
)
4
( )
2
cos 1 (
2
1
) (
2
b b
b b
R
rect
R
R
rect
R
P
t
e e
t
e e
e
=
+ =
e
x
= e
b
/4
BEIT, 5th Semester
Problems
1) A baseband signal of frequency 5kHz.is applied to a
product modulator together with a carrier wave of
1MHz. The modulator output is next applied to a
resonant circuit tuned to 50Hz. Determine the
modulated output signal.

2) For tone modulation with amplitude modulation
index = 1 and 0.5 and baseband signal m(t) =
Bcos(e
m
t) draw the waveforms of amplitude
modulated signals both in time and frequency
domain.
BEIT, 5th Semester