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1) Replacement and retraining of staff is a cost that an organisation may face following a workplace accident.

List EIGHT other possible costs to an organisation when an employee has been seriously injured in such an accident. (8)
Payments to injured employee Loss of production Damage to equipment and materials Repairs to plant and equipment Legal action e.g. fines Loss of contracts Loss of business reputation Cost of accident investigation Increased insurance premiums

2) Outline the main components of an health and safety management system. (8)
a) A clear health and safety policy b) The organisation of staff c) The planning of specific procedures for H & S d) The implementation of the planned systems

e) Measuring/monitoring that systems are working


f) An audit/review of the system

3) Replacement or repair of damaged plant and equipment is a cost that an organisation may face following a workplace accident. List EIGHT other possible costs to an organisation when an employee has been seriously injured in such an accident. (8)
Payments to injured employee Replacement labour Training replacement labour Loss of production Legal action e.g. fines Loss of contracts Loss of business reputation Cost of accident investigation Increased insurance premiums

4) Outline FOUR main components of the health and safety management system described in OHSAS 18001:1999 Occupational health and safety management systems (8)
Policy:- Health and safety aims of the organisation, health and safety objectives and management commitment Organising:- Competence, commitment and control, Cooperation, Communication Planning and Implementation:- Identify hazards, assess risks, and decide how risks can be eliminated or controlled. Sets standards against which performance can be measured. Measuring performance:- Be used as a means of determining the extent to which health and safety policy and objectives are being implemented and should be both reactive and proactive. Reviewing:- Analysing data gathered through monitoring to see whether performance is adequate Audit:- Systematic critical examination of each stage of an organisations management systems and procedures

5) It is generally accepted that, following a workplace accident the hidden costs (usually uninsured) greatly exceed the more obvious costs which are usually covered by insurance. Outline FOUR of these hidden costs, giving an example of each (8)
Payments to injured employee Replacement labour Training replacement labour Loss of production Legal action e.g. fines Loss of contracts Loss of business reputation Cost of accident investigation Increased insurance premiums

6 a) Explain the difference between the objectives of a Criminal Law system and a Civil Law system b) Outline the THREE standard conditions that are usually required to be met to prove a case of negligence against an employer. c) Outline the typical actions that might be brought against an employer who has breached Criminal Law in relation to health and safety d) Explain why health and safety legislation might be enforced to different standards in different countries

Question 6 a) b) c) Answer

(a) Criminal Law aims to punish Civil Law aims to compensate for loss or injury
(b) Necessary to show duty of care owed Duty of care was breached (Negligent) Injury, loss or harm occurred. (c) Provide health and safety advice and guidance to rectify the breach Issue legal document to the employer to make specified improvements to rectify the breach. Issue legal mandate demanding that work in dangerous situations is stopped and made safe. Take out a prosecution to punish the employer

6 d)
a) Different legal systems
b) Different standards of legislation and enforcement c) Different penalties for breaches

d) Religious beliefs and cultural issues


e) How society views the offences f) Ability and knowledge of Enforcing Authorities g) Funding, number and workload of enforcement staff h) Degree of reporting to Enforcement Authorities i) Political pressure e.g. enforcement initiatives

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