IQ TEST

I NTRODUCTION

Introduction to few terms

Significance of Intelligence in pediatric dentistry History of IQ tests

Measurement of IQ

I NTELLIGENCE

The word intelligence comes up & many people often think of intelligence quotient or IQ Intelligence has been defined in different ways, including the ability to abstract thought ,understanding, communication, reasoning, learning, planning , emotional intelligence and problem solving. As IQ measures only a limited part of cognitive functioning of brain hence it is not correct to regard intelligence as IQ
(Meaning of intelligence. George D. 1943) Measuring the IQ becomes difficult when the person is unable to speak, write or express.

Intelligence derives from the Latin verb intelligere which derives from inter-legere meaning to "pick out" or discern.
It is also related to a Greek word nous which was more concerned about metaphysical and cosmological theories

Intelligence :According to various researchers

Researcher Quotation

Alfred Binet

Judgment, otherwise called "good sense," "practical sense," "initiative," the faculty of adapting one's self to circumstances ....

David Wechsler

The aggregate or global capacity of the individual to act purposefully, to think rationally, and to deal effectively with his environment.

Cyril Burt

Innate general cognitive ability

Linda Gottfredson
Sternberg & Salter

The ability to deal with cognitive complexity.[

Goal-directed adaptive behavior.

Reuven Feuerstein

The theory of Structural Cognitive Modifiability describes intelligence as "the unique propensity of human beings to change or modify the structure of their cognitive functioning to adapt to the changing demands of a life situation."

Howard Gardner

To my mind, a human intellectual competence must entail a set of skills of problem solving enabling the individual to resolve genuine problems or difficulties that he or she encounters and, when appropriate, to create an effective product and must also entail the potential for finding or creating problems and thereby laying the groundwork for the acquisition of new knowledge.

MENTAL ABILITY

Mental ability - the power to learn or retain knowledge; in law, the ability to understand the facts and significance of your behavior. (Thesaurus, 4E)

M ENTAL A GE

The term mental age is used in intelligence testing.

It means that the individual received the same number of correct responses on a standardized IQ test as the average person of that age in the sample population.

The mental age only refers to the intelligence test score.

It does not describe the level and nature of the persons experience and functioning in aspects of community life.

M ENTAL

RETARDATION

Mental retardation is a disability characterized by significant limitations both in intellectual functioning and in adaptive behavior as expressed in conceptual, social, and practical adaptive skills.
This disability originates before age 18

( 2002 American Association on Mental Retardation)

Globally, the prevalence of mental retardation is estimated to be 30 per thousand According to the National Sample Survey Organization (NSSO), in 1991, out of 1000 children in the rural areas, 31 had some developmental delays, whereas in urban areas 9 out of every 1000 children were developmentally delayed.

( Status of Disability in India-2000, RCI)

C AUSES OF MENTAL
RETARDATION

Biomedical factors are related to biological processes, such as genetic disorders or nutrition. Social factors are related to social and family interaction, such as child stimulation and adult responsiveness. Behavioral factors are related to harmful behaviors, such as maternal substance abuse. Educational factors are related to the availability of family and educational supports that promote mental development and increases in adaptive skills. Factors present during one generation can influence the outcomes of the next generation. By understanding inter-generational causes, appropriate support can be used to prevent and reverse the effects of risk factors.

Mental retardation can be associated with other disorders, e.g.:

Seizure disorders
Chromosomal disorders Cardiac anomalies Emotional disorders

M ENTAL

ILLNESS

Mental illnesses are medical conditions that disrupt a persons thinking, feeling, mood, ability to relate to others, and daily functioning.

A DAPTIVE B EHAVIOR

Adaptive behavior is the collection of conceptual, social, and practical skills that people have learned so they can function in their everyday lives. Significant limitations in adaptive behavior impact a persons daily life and affect the ability respond to a particular situation or to the environment.

G ROWTH

OF INTELLIGENCE

The point at which intelligence begins depends on the definition of the term
A new born infant can learn through process of conditioning has been demonstrated.
(Irwin Orvis 1934)

Intelligence develops intrauterine with senseromotor development (Sherman and

Sherman 1929)

A mental curve has been developed, according to growth of mental ability of a child at successive ages.(Richard 1941)

C ONCEPT

OF

G ENIUS

Genius may involve extraordinary development and employment of test aptitudes or it may signify other attributes
It can be in sense of humanity, sympathy courage, character, appreciation of beauty, or can be occasional.

The concept of genius surpasses the purely intellectual achievements

FACTORS AFFECTING
INTELLIGENCE

Genetic influences:

Twin studies suggest that identical twins IQ's are more similar than those of fraternal twins (Promin & Spinath, 2004).
Siblings reared together in the same home have IQ's that are more similar than those of adopted children raised together in the same environment (McGue & others, 1993).

Environmental influences:

Identical twins reared apart have IQ's that are less similar than identical twins reared in the same environment
(McGue & others, 1993)

School attendance has an impact on IQ scores

(Ceci, 2001).

There are no changes of environment on intelligence

(Cundick Lind et al a Developmental Psychology, Nov 1974 )

Race differences

There are no changes according to race

(Bruce, Myrtle , American Psychological Association 2011 )

Nutrition

Children who are breastfed during the first three to five months of life score higher on IQ tests at age 6 than same-age children who were not breastfed (Reinberg, 2008).

S IGNIFICANCE

FOR PEDIATRIC

DENTISTRY
In pediatric dental practice the verbal or non verbal communication is often used. The most important thing is that the patient must receive the message given by dental practitioner there is a significant correlation between the IQ level and the behavioral conduct manifested by child.

(Carmen Savin JOURNAL OF PREVENTIVE MEDICINE 2008; 132-140)

The pediatric dental practitioner must approach the child patient in the complexity of its problems and determinatives.

H ISTORY

OF

IQ

TESTS

The science of testing an individual's intelligence has always been one mired in controversy. Questions are always raised about the accuracy of these tests and ethics

The history of IQ began in the ninetheenthcentury with sir Francis Galton-A british scientist

After the shake-up from the 1859 publishing of Charles Darwin's "The Origin of Species", Galton spent the majority of his time trying to discover the relationship between heredity and human ability.
He believed that mental traits are based on physical factors. His works were influenced by Belgian statistician named Lambert Adolphe Jacques Quetelet Galton's irrational belief in races with "superior" intellect led to the development of biased and often blatantly unfair tests.

Frenchman named Alfred Binet who in 1904 developed the first objective of intelligence test

Binet's test simply put evaluated the average tasks that should be performed by a child of a given age to obtain mental age.
This was then divided by the chronological age and multiplied by 100 to get the IQ.

This simple formula to date remains the backbone of intelligence testing.

Binet's work was brought to America and modified at Stanford University by Lewis M. Terman , and thus the famous "StanfordBinet"intellegence test was born. SB-IV is still widely used.

This test would require the child to read the questions or at least have the questions read to him/her.
Which was very difficult for a child who had never been to a school So Wechsler Intelligence scale for children (WISC) was , developed by Dr. David Wechsler (1949) Ages of 6 and 16 inclusive without reading or writing The current version, the WISC-IV, was produced in 2003

Verbal Comprehension index (VCI), (define, similar)

Perceptual Reasoning Index (PRI), (block design)

Processing Speed Index (PSI) and Working Memory Index (WMI).
(symbol search, coding)

(numbers)

Recent addition :-Picture Concepts, Letter-Number Sequencing, Matrix Reasoning

An Indian child may not know what a snowman is or what blueberry pie tastes like, not because he/she is dull, but for the obvious reason that he/she has very little chance of having seen either.
The Standford-Binet test has been adapted for an Indian population by Kamath in 1940 and is known as the Binet-Kamath Test. The Bhatia IQ test is another widely used IQ test for Indian children

D ISADVANTAGES OF IQ TESTS

Most tests are not truly representative, especially regarding lower income and minotiry groups.
Traditional psychometric tests of intelligence are based on the proposition that human beings are endowed with a single, "general faculty" for acquiring information. If a person is given a fixed I.Q. score, his/her intelligence is taken to be a fixed, unchanging entity. Traditional tests of intelligence do not take situational and contextual information into account. They penalise a child for a creative or unconventional answer

M ENTAL

SCORING

American association of Mental Retardation(2002)

Old system:- Mild, moderate, severe, profound

New system:-Intermittent, limited, extensive, pervasive

MENTAL AGE x 100 = I.Q CHRONOLOGICAL AGE

IQ range Above 140 120- 139 110- 119 90- 109 80- 89 70- 79 < 69

Grade Very superior Superior High average Average Low average Boderline impared Mentally retarded

Classification

Diagnostic features

Special requirements for dental care

Degree of SB-IV disability

WISC-III

Communication skills

Practical description

Mild

67-52

69-55

Speak well enough for most communication

Can be educated in special classes

Treat as normal child; mild sedation or nitrous oxide may be benificial Mild to moderate sedation , restrains, Positive reenforcement may be indicated in cases of severe dental problems

Moderat e

51-36

54-40

Has vocabulary to communicate at a basic level

Trainable can perform self help skills sheltered workshop employment

Severe

35 and below

39 and below

Little or no communication skills

Self help skills, consistent custodial care required

N OWAK S TEN COMMANDMENTS

Know the patients illness Assess each person individually Avoid prejudicial thinking Structure the office for children Use firmness and TLC Use adjuncts to give out patient care Use positive reinforcement

Train patients in prevention

Continually studying handicapping conditions Train your auxiliaries

TO BE TAKEN IN CONSIDERATION

Befriend the child

Communication with parent /care takers

Preventive care and dental education to parents/care takers

Adaptive behaviors can be taught according to understanding

Appropriate treatment planning

Supports -parent, friend, teacher, psychologist, doctor or any appropriate person or agency.
Motivation for follow ups

R EFERENCES

Textbook of Pedodontics, Shobha Tandon, 2nd Edition

Dentistry for the child & adolescent, Ralph E. Mcdonald, David R. Avery, 8th Edition.
Pediatric dentistry , Ray E. Stewart Oral health care for physical and mental disabilities : Daniel E,
Changes in scholastic achievement and intelligence of Indian children enrolled in a foster placement program. Cundick, Bert P.; Gottfredson, Douglas K.; Willson, Linda Developmental Psychology, Vol 10(6), Nov 1974, 815-820
Factors Affecting Intelligence Test Performance of Whites and Negroes in the Rural South. Bruce, Myrtle , American Psychological Association 2011 How Youth in India and Lebanon Rate their Intelligence,Ramzi Nasser: Journal of social sciences 2006 Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists May 1970

Studies in infant behaviour , Irwin oris : Jr. Child welfare 1934 174180
Process of human behaviour, Shermen mendel and Shermen Irene: 1929 pg 227 Curve of mental growth, Richards T.W. 1941- 141-147 http://www.heionline.org/docs/training/introduction_to_mental_re tardation.pdf http://psychology.about.com/od/intelligence/f/int-influences.htm http://specialchilddentistry.blogspot.com/2009/02/intelligencetesting-iq-and-feasabilty.html

T HANK

YOU

Artificial intelligence (or AI) is both the intelligence of machines and the branch of computer science which aims to create it, through "the study and design of intelligent agents"or "rational agents"