The Periodic Table

Key Words:
Periodicity Alkali Metals Halogens Noble gases Group Period Metals Non-metals

Objectives:

Understand the terms group &period and recall the positions of metals & non-metals in the periodic table
Outcomes:

D-C: Understand the key terms A-B: understand why elements in the same group have similar chemical properties

Periodic Table Introduction

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Periodic table
The periodic table arranges all the elements in groups according to their properties.

Vertical columns are called GROUPS

Mendeleev

Horizontal rows are called PERIODS

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The Periodic Table

Fact 1: Elements in the same group have the same number of electrons in the outer shell (this corresponds to their group number)

H Li Na K Be Mg Ca Fe Ni Cu Ag Pt Au Hg Zn B Al C Si N P O S F Cl Br I

He Ne Ar Kr Xe

E.g. all group 1 metals have __ electron in 23/03/2014 their outer shell

These elements have __ electrons in their outer shells

These elements have __ electrons in their outer shell

The Periodic Table

Fact 2: As you move down through the periods an extra electron shell is added:

Li Na K

Be Mg Ca

E.g. Lithium has 3 electron H in the configuration 2,1

He B Al C Si N P O S F Cl Br I Hg Ne Ar Kr Xe

Ni Sodium hasFe 11 electrons in the configuration 2,8,1 Pt

Cu Ag Au

Zn

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Potassium has 19 electrons in the configuration __,__,__,__

The Periodic Table

Fact 3: Most of the elements are metals:

These elements are metals

H Li Na K Be Mg Ca Fe Ni Cu Ag Pt Au Hg Zn B Al C Si N P O S F Cl Br I He Ne Ar Kr Xe

This line divides metals from non-metals

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These elements are nonmetals

Periodicity Patterns:
Why do elements in the same group have similar chemical properties?

Because they have the same number of electrons in their outer shells

The Periodic Table

Fact 4: (Most important) All of the elements in the same group have similar PROPERTIES. This is how I thought of the periodic table in the first place. This is called PERIODICITY.

H Li Na K Be Mg Ca Fe Ni Cu Ag Zn B Al C Si N P O S F Cl Br I

He Ne Ar Kr Xe

Pt Au 1 Hg E.g. consider the group metals. They all:

1) Are soft

2) Can be easily cut with a knife

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3) React with water

Group 1 The alkali metals

Li Na K Rb Cs Fr
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Group 1 The alkali metals

Some facts 1) These metals all have ___ electron in their outer shell.

2) Density increases as you go down the group, while melting point ________
3) Reactivity increases as you go _______ the group. This is because the electrons are further away from the _______ every time a _____ is added, so they are given up more easily. 4) They all react with water to form an alkali (hence their name) and __________, e.g:
Potassium + water 2K(s) + 2H2O(l) potassium hydroxide + hydrogen 2KOH(aq) + H2(g)

Words down, one, shell, hydrogen, nucleus, decreases

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Group 0 The Noble gases

He Ne Ar Kr Xe
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Rn

Group 0 The Noble gases

Some facts 1) All of the noble gases have a full outer shell, so they are very ______

2) They all have _____ melting and boiling points

3) They exist as single atoms rather then _________ molecules 4) Helium is ________ then air and is used in balloons and airships (as well as for talking in a silly voice) 5) Argon is used in light bulbs (because it is so unreactive) and argon , krypton and ____ are used in fancy lights
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Words neon, stable, low, diatomic, lighter

Group 7 The halogens

F Cl Br I At
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Some facts

Group 7 The Halogens

reactivity

Decreasing

1) Reactivity DECREASES as you go down the group

(This is because the electrons are further away from the nucleus and so any extra electrons arent attracted as much).

2) They exist as diatomic molecules (so that they both have a full outer shell):

Cl

Cl

3) Because of this fluorine and chlorine are liquid at room temperature and bromine is a gas 23/03/2014

Metals vs non-metals
Metals
Tend to be solids high melting & boiling points Relatively low densities Are shiny when polished Good conductors of heat & electricity Form positive ions in their compounds

Non-metals
Tend to have low melting & boiling points Tend to be brittle as solids Dont usually conduct electricity Poor conductors of heat Tend to form negative ions Tend to form covalent compounds

Basic oxides react with acids to give salts and water

Have oxides which are acidic or neutral

Group 1
Key Words: Tarnish
Objectives:

Discuss Group 1 elements

Outcomes: C: recall the relative reactivities of elements in Group 1 B: describe the reactions of these elements with water A: understand that these reactions provide a basis for their recognition as a family of elements

The Alkali metals:

Francium at the bottom of the group is radioactive Patterns in the group: Melting and boiling points are relatively low and get lower as we go down the group The densities tend to increase down the group Metals are very soft (easily cut with knife) become softer as we go down the group They are shiny & silver when first cut but tarnish (react) quickly when exposed to air

So reactive!
So reactive they have to be stored away from air and water React quickly to form oxides React violently with water to form strong alkaline solutions of metal hydroxides
Brainiac Alkali metals clip:

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m55kgyA pYrY

Reactions with Water

All react with water to produce alkaline metal hydroxide and hydrogen

Metal + cold water metal hydroxide + hydrogen

The main difference in reactions is how fast they happen

Group 7
Key Words: Tarnish
Objectives:

Discuss Group 7 elements

Outcomes: D: recall their relative reactivities C: recall their colours & physical states B: Describe their reactions with hydrogen

Halogens
Halogens means salt-producing

When they react with metals they produce many salts

Halogens are non-metallic

Have diatomic molecules, e.g. F2, Cl2.

Patterns: Molecules get larger down the group Melting and boiling points increase Fluorine and chlorine are gases Bromine is a liquid (turns to vapour easily) Iodine is a solid Astanine is radioactive Poor conductors of heat and electricity When they are solid, their crystals are brittle

Safety:
Fluorine is dangerously reactive All the elements have extremely poisonous vapours Liquid bromine is very corrosive

Reactions with Hydrogen:

Halogens react with hydrogen to form hydrogen halides
so, hydrogen chloride, hydrogen fluoride etc

H2(g) + Br2(g) 2HBr(g) The hydrogen halides are all steamy, acidic, poisonous gases. Covalently bonded They are soluble in water produce solutions of acids e.g. Hydrochloric acid