RURAL ELECTRIFICATION BASED ON RENEWABLE ENERGIES

CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION BENEFITS NATIONAL ELECTRICITY GRID ELECTRICITY HOME SYSTEMS MINI GRIDS OFF-GRID SYSTEMS OPERATION AND MAINTAINANCE OF OFF-GRIDS FUTURE ENHANCEMENT CONCLUSION

INTRODUCTION

An estimation in 2008 by International Energy Agency(IEA), that 1.5 billion people, or 22% of the worlds population, living without access to electricity, in that 85% of whom live in rural areas. The IEA foresees that if current policies do not change, by 2030 there will still be 1.3 billion people without access to electricity. The number of people without electricity will even rise in SubSaharan Africa.

SOLUTION

Modern Renewable Energy Technologies (RETs) to achieve this goal. However, technology alone is not enough and universal access requires sustainable operation and business models, political efforts and targeted public support.

BENIFITS

Fosters education by providing light and communication tools . Reduces child and mortality as well as the incidences of disease by enabling refrigeration of medication as well as access to modern equipment. Finally, if access to energy is implemented with environmentally sound technologies, it directly contributes to global environmental sustainability

NATIONAL ELECTRICITY GRID

Extension of national electricity grid involves interconnected network to deliver electricity from suppliers to consumers through highvoltage transmission lines, that carry power from distant sources to demand centers, and distribution lines that connect individual customers.

Limitations:

Extreme cost for transmission lines through rural areas(according to the World Bank, grid extension prices vary from $6,340/Km in densely populated country such as Bangladesh to $19,070/Km in countries ) Mountainous or forest areas for instance, with difficult access for machinery, require more time and resources to install transmission lines. One solution is to decrease cost is to decline quality of service

ELECTRICITY HOME SYSTEMS

Pico PV system (PPS),

Small power systems are designed to power individual households or small buildings and provide an easily accessible, relatively inexpensive, and simple to maintain solution. The dispersed character of rural settlements is an ideal setting with renewable energies (RE) that are especially competitive in remote areas.They are as follows:

Solar home systems (SHS)

Small hydro power (SHP) Wind home systems (WHS) In these stand-alone systems, power generation is installed close to the load and there are no transmission and distribution costs. Moreover, to keep prices affordable, components can be minimised and capacities maintained low mainly serving small DC appliances for lighting and communication. However, capacities and potential are very different between the different EHS.

PICO PV SYSTEMS
PV System can be defined as an off-grid-system with one or several solar PV modules and various appliances serving an independent user

SOLAR HOME SYSTEMS

AC ,DC SOLAR RESIDENTIAL SYSTEM

HYBRID SOLAR RESIDENTIAL SYSTEM

SMALL WIND HOME SYSTEMS

WIND HOME SYSTEM

SMALL HYDRO PLANTS

Mini-grids (fed by hybrid power systems)

A mini-grid also referred as a micro-grid or isolated-grid provides electricity generation at the local level, using villagewide distribution networks not connected to the main national grid. The production is managed by an operator who can take different legal forms and who supplies electricity to several distinct and autonomous end-users against payment or participation. A mini-grid can be supplied by all sorts of energy resources and power plants, but here we focus on those supplied by hybrid power systems 15. Most of the time, a mini-grid will use low AC voltage (220 or 380V) with centralized production and storage and will have an installed capacity of between 5 and 300kW even though bigger systems exist. A hybrid power system uses renewable energy as a primary source and generator as a back up resource. This solution is especially interesting for isolated villages/small towns.

AC AND DC HPS

Future enhancements

Energy efficiency and demand side management. Technological progress and decreasing generation costs through 1.Technology manufacturing prices. 2. Innovative storage technologies.

CONCLUSION
It has been concluded that rural electrification presents different load patterns and are smoother. Besides, in case of remote areas that present small incomes (common parameters for most rural areas) In this outline, renewable energy resources are an interesting solution, especially integrated in microgrids. Difficulties inherent to this kind of electrical systems are the intermittency in supply and consequent storage needs. This leads to the design of tailored grid control strategies. Projects to be faced in these parameters need to comply with international quality standards in order to improve the likelihood of the projects success. The rural electrification based on renewable energies in developing countries promises a cleaner, cheaper and more democratic way of improving the quality standard of an important section of the worlds population.

QUERIES