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t cos cos
cos
1
A
P
A
P
= =
cos P
o = A P/
| o t cos cos =
_ | sin cos =
t
(12.8)
(12.9)
This equation shows that will be zero when either or
is equal to 0
o
.
When both and are equal to 45
o
, the shear component
is maximum and we have, in this case,
The angle between any two directions a and b can be
obtained from the scalar product of these vectors:
or
t |
2
45 cos 45 cos
max
o
o t = =
o o
u cos b a b a =
b a
b a
= u cos
|
(12.10)
(12.11)
(12.12)
For cubic crystals, planes and directions with the same
indices are perpendicular, and the angle is determined
from the coefficients, h, k, and l. For two vectors
and
the angle is given by
u
2 / 1 2
2
2
2
2
2
2 / 1 2
1
2
1
2
1
2 1 2 1 2 1
) ( ) (
cos
l k h l k h
l l k k h h
+ + + +
+ +
= u
k l j k i h a
1 1 1
+ + =
k l j k i h b
2 2 2
+ + =
(12.13a)
(12.13b)
(12.14)
If the two directions are perpendicular, their dot product is
zero; and the same is true for a direction that is contained in
a plane.
From Eq. 12.11, it is possible to obtain the and
terms for all desired crystallographic directions of a crystal.
For instance, if the loading directions is [123] for an FCC
crystal, then the Schmid factors of the various slip systems
are found by obtaining the angles of [123] with <111>
(perpendicular to slip planes) and [123] with (110) (in slip
directions).
| cos cos
Note that each slip plane contains three slip directions
and that 12 values (4 x 3) have to be obtained.
Schmid and coworkers used the variation in the
resolved shear stress to explain the great differences in
the yield stresses of monocrystals of certain metals.
They proposed the following rationalization, known as
the Schmid law: Metals flows plastically when the
resolved shear stress acting in the plane and along the
direction of slip reaches the critical value
where the factor M is usually known as the Schmid
factor
o o c
Mo _ o t = = cos sin
| _ cos cos cos sin = = M
(11.15)
(11.16)
A single crystal subjected to a shear stress can deform
extensively with slip on only a single slip system.
However, this is not the case for polycrystals.
Since each grain in a polycrystal has a different
crystallographic orientation, each will respond differently
(slip in a different direction) when subjected to a shear
stress.
Thus, unless the region around grain boundaries can be
undergo arbitrary shape changes, voids at grain
boundaries will be opened up and the material will
fracture at low strains.
Example: An NaCl single crystal is loaded in uniaxial
compression with the [001] direction parallel to the
compression axis. Dislocation motion is first observed
on the slip system when the applied tensile
stress is 500 psi. Calculate the inherent lattice resistance
to dislocation motion.
Solution: The resolved shear stress on the
slip system is given by Eq.(6.7), where
or for slip since . The
shear stress necessary to overcome the inherent lattice
resistance to dislocation motion is therefore 250 psi.
] 1 10 )[ 101 (
| u o t cos cos =
] 1 10 )[ 101 (
2 / o t =
] 1 10 )[ 101 (
o
45 = =u |