Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO)

PSO is a robust stochastic optimization technique based on the movement and intelligence of swarms. PSO applies the concept of social interaction to problem solving. It was developed in 1995 by James Kennedy (socialpsychologist) and Russell Eberhart (electrical engineer). It uses a number of agents (particles) that constitute a swarm moving around in the search space looking for the best solution. Each particle is treated as a point in a N-dimensional space which adjusts its flying according to its own flying experience as well as the flying experience of other particles.

Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO)

Each particle keeps track of its coordinates in the solution space which are associated with the best solution (fitness) that has achieved so far by that particle. This value is called personal best , pbest. Another best value that is tracked by the PSO is the best value obtained so far by any particle in the neighborhood of that particle. This value is called gbest. The basic concept of PSO lies in accelerating each particle toward its pbest and the gbest locations, with a random weighted accelaration at each time step as shown in Fig.1

Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO)

y

vk vk+1 sk

sk+1 vgbest vpbest

x Fig.1 Concept of modification of a searching point by PSO sk : current searching point. sk+1: modified searching point. vk: current velocity. vk+1: modified velocity. vpbest : velocity based on pbest. vgbest : velocity based on gbest

Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO)

Each particle tries to modify its position using the following
information:

the current positions,

the current velocities,

the distance between the current position and pbest, the distance between the current position and the gbest.

The modification of the particles position can be mathematically

modeled according the following equation :

Vik+1 = wVik +c1 rand1() x (pbesti-sik) + c2 rand2() x (gbest-sik) .. (1)

where, vik : velocity of agent i at iteration k, w: weighting function, cj : weighting factor, rand : uniformly distributed random number between 0 and 1, sik : current position of agent i at iteration k, pbesti : pbest of agent i, gbest: gbest of the group.

Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO)

The following weighting function is usually utilized in (1) w = wMax-[(wMax-wMin) x iter]/maxIter where wMax= initial weight, wMin = final weight, (2)

maxIter = maximum iteration number,

iter = current iteration number. sik+1 = sik + Vik+1 (3)

Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO)

Comments on the Inertial weight factor:
A large inertia weight (w) facilitates a global search while a small inertia weight facilitates a local search. By linearly decreasing the inertia weight from a relatively large value to a small value through the course of the PSO run gives the best PSO performance compared with fixed inertia weight settings.

Larger w ----------- greater global search ability Smaller w ------------ greater local search ability.

Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO)

Flow chart depicting the General PSO Algorithm:
Start Initialize particles with random position and velocity vectors. Loop until all particles exhaust For each particles position (p) evaluate fitness If fitness(p) better than fitness(pbest) then pbest= p

Set best of pBests as gBest

Update particles velocity (eq. 1) and position (eq. 3) Stop: giving gBest, optimal solution.

Loop until max iter

Comparison with other evolutionary computation techniques.

Unlike in genetic algorithms, evolutionary programming and evolutionary strategies, in PSO, there is no selection operation.

All particles in PSO are kept as members of the population through the course of the run PSO is the only algorithm that does not implement the survival of the fittest. No crossover operation in PSO. eq 1(b) resembles mutation in EP.

In EP balance between the global and local search can be adjusted through the strategy parameter while in PSO the balance is achieved through the inertial weight factor (w) of eq. 1(a)

Variants of PSO

Discrete PSO can handle discrete binary variables

MINLP PSO can handle both discrete binary and continuous variables. Hybrid PSO. Utilizes basic mechanism of PSO and the natural selection mechanism, which is usually utilized by EC methods such as GAs.

Application of PSO ALGORITHM to Optimize a Meander-line Polarizer for LICP conversion

Intialization parameters used for PSO: wMax=0.41 wMin=0.4
(Note:The inertial weight ,w is linearly decreased from wMax to wMin according the Eq. (2), w is chosen virtually constant in this case for better

local search near the Suns Optimized parameters. )

c1=c2=1.49 maxIter=2000

The above parameters are used in conjuction with eqs.(1) & (2)
Swarm size/Population size used for solution search : 25

Application of PSO ALGORITHM to Optimize a Meander-line Polarizer for LICP conversion

Frequency band of interest: 3.5 to 6.5 (GHz)
(evaluated at 12 frequency points)

Desired VSWR <= 1.2 Desired AR <= 0.5 (dB)

Total number of fitness evaluations: 100025

Note: For my implementation of the PSO the number of fiteness evaluations are
calculated as follows: (2 x swarmsize x maxIter)+ swarmsize = (2 x 25 x 2000)+ 25

The following slides include the results for the broadband case.

Mean best & Best fitness over 50 runs

VSWR

Axial Ratio (dB)

Optimized dimensions for 4-layer Meander Line Polarizer

Layer
1 2 3 4 Pitch (inches) a
0.3449360 0.3798469 0.3798469 0.3449360

Period (inches) b
0.7283382 0.8704398 0.8704398 0.7283382

Height (inches) h
0.2520565 0.4707420 0.4707420 0.2520565

Line Width (inches) w1 w2

2.2501351E02 5.3999661E03 5.3999661E03 2.2501351E02 1.5984001E02 9.4296653E03 9.4296653E03 1.5984001E02

dielectric (inches) lei

8.4705018E03 3.4676325E -03 3.4676325E -03 8.4705018E03

Spacer (inches) loi

0.5428128 0.4211845 0.5428128

----

Dielectric constants:

ee i 2.55 e0i 1.15

4 Layers for CP
Metal Layer Dielectric Sheet Spacer

Application of PSO ALGORITHM to Optimize a Meander-line Polarizer for LICP conversion

Frequency bands of interest:

Band1: 3.7 to 4.2 (GHz)

Band2: 5.9 to 6.4 (GHz)
(evaluated at 2 frequency points: 3.95 (GHz), 6.15 (GHz))

Desired VSWR <= 1.2

Desired AR <= 0.5 (dB) Total number of fitness evaluations: 100025 The following slides include the results for the dualband case.

Mean best & Best fitness over 50 runs

VSWR

Axial Ratio (dB)

Optimized dimensions for 4-layer Meander Line Polarizer

Layer
1 2 3 4 Pitch (inches) a
0.2528913 0.5425724 0.5425724 0.2528913

Period (inches) b
0.8081669 0.9529658 0.9529658 0.8081669

Height (inches) h
0.2480143 0.3433722 0.3433722 0.2480143

Line Width (inches) w1 w2

4.0456183E02 5.0358579E -02 5.0358579E -02 4.0456183E02 2.7704202E02 4.4981677E02 4.4981677E02 2.7704202E02

dielectric (inches) lei

4.1147252E03 3.9593712E03 3.9593712E03 4.1147252E03

Spacer (inches) loi

0.4533823 0.4482195 0.4533823

----

Dielectric constants:

ee i 2.55 e0i 1.15

4 Layers for CP
Metal Layer Dielectric Sheet Spacer

Application of PSO ALGORITHM to Optimize a Meander-line Polarizer for LP rotation

Intialization parameters used for PSO: wMax=0.41 wMin=0.4
(Note:The inertial weight ,w is linearly decreased from wMax to wMin according the Eq. (2), w is chosen virtually constant in this case for better

local search near the Suns Optimized parameters.)

c1=c2=1.3 maxIter=1000

The above parameters are used in conjuction with eqs.(1) & (2)
Swarm size/Population size used for solution search : 25

Application of PSO ALGORITHM to Optimize a Meander-line Polarizer for LP rotation

Frequency band of interest: 3.5 to 6.5 (GHz)
(evaluated at 12 frequency points)

Desired VSWR <= 1.2 Phase Difference around 180

Total number of fitness evaluations: 50025

The following slides include the results for the broadband case.

Mean best & Best fitness over 15 runs

VSWR

Axial Ratio (dB)

Phase Difference

Optimized dimensions for 8-layer Meander Line Polarizer

Layer 1, 5

Pitch (inches) a
0.3631878

Period (inches) b
1.020600

Height (inches) h
0.2148045

Line Width (inches) w1 w2

2.8606838E -02 4.1542474E02 4.1542474E02 2.8606838E -02 3.0709708E02 3.4942929E02 3.4942929E02 3.0709708E02

dielectric (inches) lei

2.1623570E02 4.0660784E -02 4.0660784E -02 2.1623570E02

Spacer (inches) loi

0.4550797

2, 6 3, 7
4, 8

0.3848170
0.3848170 0.3631878

0.8225765
0.8225765 1.020600

0.4374999
0.4374999 0.2148045

0.3959468
0.4550797

----

Dielectric constants:

ee i 2.55 e0i 1.15

8 Layers for LP
Metal Layer Dielectric Sheet Spacer

Application of PSO ALGORITHM to Optimize a Meander-line Polarizer for LP rotation

Frequency bands of interest:

Band1: 3.7 to 4.2 (GHz)

Band2: 5.9 to 6.4 (GHz)
(evaluated at 2 frequency points: 3.95 (GHz), 6.15 (GHz))

Desired VSWR <= 1.2 Phase Difference around 180 Total number of fitness evaluations: 50025 The following slides include the results for the dualband case.

Mean best & Best fitness over 15 runs

VSWR

Axial Ratio (dB)

Phase Difference

Optimized dimensions for 8-layer Meander Line Polarizer

Layer 1, 5

Pitch (inches) a
0.3150869

Period (inches) b
1.055596

Height (inches) h
0.2747569

Line Width (inches) w1 w2

3.3202391E02 6.0811251E02 6.0811251E02 3.3202391E02 3.2010745E02

dielectric (inches) lei

2.2299249E -02 3.1127717E02 3.1127717E02 2.2299249E -02

Spacer (inches) loi

0.3544725

2, 6 3, 7
4, 8

0.4085801
0.4085801 0.3150869

1.164576
1.164576 1.055596

0.3565608
0.3565608 0.2747569

0.1126298
0.1126298 3.2010745E02

0.3159389
0.3544725

----

Dielectric constants:

ee i 2.55 e0i 1.15

8 Layers for LP
Metal Layer Dielectric Sheet Spacer

END