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Fig. 1. (a) The blocked street and houses by eroded soil materials via wind erosion in IslamQala (west part of Herat), and (b) devastated street by stormy runoff in Nisan (east of Herat). .
= = P E index =
1 2
1 2
n=12
10 P 115 ( )9 3 T 10
Fig. 2. Study area, climate conditions and distribution of soil sampling sites in Herat, Afghanistan.
Fig. 3. Erosion= R1 x K2 x L3 x S4 x C5 x P6 factors affecting water erosion in USLE are: 1rainfall erosivity, 2soil erodibility, 3slope length & 4steepness, 5vegetation cover and 6conservation practices.
Fig. 4. Ewt and Ewd are indexes used to estimate the influence of climate on wind erosion in winter (OctMay) and summer (Jun-Sep) respectively. Where P-E is the precipitation-Evaporation Index; W is mean annual wind speed; P is monthly precipitation (in inches); and T is averaged monthly temperature (in F).
Conclusions
If leaves and twigs of the poplar trees can be the alternative fuelwood to native plant. people would keep the native trees, bushes and shrubs, which can reduce soil erosion.
Fig. 6. Spatial distribution of soil erosion rates (Mg ha-1 y-1) and its factors like rainfall erosivity (R), soil erodibility (K), slope length and steepness (LS), vegetation cover (V) and conservation practices (P) on the study area.