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Sealing
Fundamentals
Part Part 1 1

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Concepts of Mechanical Seals

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The Basic Sealing Problem:

Preventing Leakage
Environment Vessel Wall

Shaft Process Fluid

Leakage

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Packing
Environment Vessel Wall Shaft Process Fluid Leakage

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Packing

vs.

Mechanical Seals

s not a seal but rather a restricting device. !e"uires leakage or it #ill burn. $ill groove and #ear shafts and sleeves. %igh horsepo#er load to overcome friction.

$ill seal #ith invisible leakage. )n difficult applications the leakage ratio bet#een seals and packing is * to *++ or better. Seals have been kno#n to run , to *+ (ears #ithout failure. Monetar( savings from little to no product loss- #ater savings and energ( savings. Little maintenance re"uired after initial installation. Seals offer better safet( #hen sealing potentiall( ha.ardous materials.

Product loss. !e"uires large amounts of #ater. !e"uires maintenance time and do#ntime for installations and packing ad&ustments. '"uipment damaged and destro(ed from leakage.

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The Concept of an 'nd Face Mechanical Seal

Environment Vessel Wall Shaft Process Fluid Leakage

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!e"uired Features

Small a/ial clearance

Shaft Movement

Shaft

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!e"uired Features

Small a/ial clearance Self ad&usting

Shaft Movement

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0esired Features of a Seal

Long life 'as( maintenance Lo# cost

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Mechanical Seals
Basic Concept
and

peration

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Seal Faces
Seal Chamber

Pump Shaft

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'lastomers
Seal Chamber

Pump Shaft

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Spring 1ssembl(
Seal Chamber

Pump Shaft

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2asket
Seal Chamber

Pump Shaft

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2land Follo#er 1ssembl(

Seal Chamber

Pump Shaft

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Basics of )peration
Seal Chamber

CLOSING FORCES

Pump Shaft

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Basics of )peration
Seal Chamber

CLOSING FORCES

OPENING FORCES

Pump Shaft

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Shaft Fretting
!"#$% S&S S'(F)&

S'(F) M V& PROTECTIVE FILM - CHROME-OXIDE

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1 Fle/ible Seal

%(drostatic loading Secondar( sealing elements !eplaceable parts

Mating "ing

Primar* "ing

Secondar* Sealing Element

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1n '/ample of a Complete Seal

Primar* "ing Snap "ing (nti!+ "ing !"ing ,isk Springs "etainer Set Scre!"ing

Mating "ing

Shaft

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Simpl( put- a mechanical seal is:

*. 3. 4. 5. 6. 1 #earable- stationar(- primar( sealing element 1 #earable- rotating- primar( sealing element 1 secondar( sealing element 1 mechanical loading device to press primar( sealing elements * and 3 against one another- and 1u/iliar( components to complete seal

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The Sealing nterface

Shape.
Converging Parallel ,iverging

%ap.
Face Separation

Fluid.
$on!flashing Flashing

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The Sealing nterface

Lubrication Purpose:

Separate surfaces Prevent contact of high surface points !educe friction7heat generation

Magnified Surface (
Separation

Lu/ricant

'eat

Magnified Surface B

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Process Fluid 1cts as Lubricant Bet#een Faces

Pump 'ousing Process Fluid %land

Primar* "ing

Mating "ing

#nvisi/le Leakage. Fluid Evaporates 0pon "eaching (tmosphere

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$ithout LubricationFaces !un 0r( 1nd )verheat

Pump 'ousing $o Fluid r ,r* "unning %land

Primar* "ing

Mating "ing

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%eat 2eneration

!ubbing 8iscous Shear

Mating "ing Primar* "ing

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%eat Transfer

Conduction Convection

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Flushing

!emoves %eat !eplenishes Cool Clean Lubricating Li"uid

#n1ection

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Primar( Seal: Flush

Single Seal Flushing B( 9 Pass from 0ischarge :1P Plan **;
,ischarge B*! pass Line from Pump ,ischarge to Seal %land

Flo-

Suction

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Primar( Seal: Flush

Single Seal Flushing from '/ternal Source :1P Plan 43;

,ischarge Flo-

Minimum Pressure &2 /ar 3 4 psi (/ove 5(6

Suction "estrictional ,evice 7Bushing8

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Primar( Seal: <uench

Single Seal <uench from '/ternal Source :1P Plan =3;
9uench Source

Process Fluid

"estrictional ,evice 7Packing8

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Classification of Mechanical Seals

Sealing S*stem

(u:iliar* E;uipment

Seal (ssem/l*

Seals

(daptive 'ard-are

,esign /alance ratio face pattern springs secondar* seals drive

(rrangement3)*pe t*pe single multiple

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Classification of Seals
Mechanical Seals

,esign Features

(rrangements3)*pes
(rrangements

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0esign Features

Balance !atio Face Pattern Springs Secondar( Sealing 'lement T(pe 0rive Mechanism

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0esign Features

Balance !atio
Balance ratio is used to control the face load&

Closing Force

pening Force

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0esign Features

Balance !atio
Balance ratio is the ratio of the closing area to the opening area& (

Balance "atio <

Closing (rea pening (rea

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0esign Features

Balance !atio

,on=t sa* 5Balance6 Sa* 7and )hink8 5Balance "atio>6

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0esign Features

Balance !atio

An Unbalanced Seal
( ( o

Fc

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0esign Features

Balance !atio

A Balanced Seal
Ac Ao

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0esign Features

Balance !atio
Metal /ello-s seals ma* /e 5inherentl*6 /alanced at lopressures& Balance ratio increases at higher pressures&

Balance "atio @ 1

?ero Pressure Balance Line

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0esign Features

Face Pattern
Most seals have faces that are plain 7no pattern8 and are lapped flat& Primar* "ing

Mating "ing

Cross Section

Face Vie-

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0esign Features

Face Pattern

PlainA Flat

'*dropads

PlainA )apered

Spiral %rooves

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0esign Features

Face Pattern '*drostatic '*drod*namic

PlainA Flat

'*dropads

PlainA )apered

Spiral %rooves

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0esign Features

Springs

Provide The nitial Closing Force 1re 8er( mportant 1t Lo# Pressures 1re >ot So mportant 1t %igh Pressures

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0esign Features

Springs

Single Multiple Bello#s $ave

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0esign Features

Springs

%igh Speed Seals ?se Stationar( Springs :6+++ ft7min T(pical Break Point;

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0esign Features

Springs

Corrosion Clogging ?niformit( )f Load nventor(

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0esign Features

Secondar( Sealing 'lement

Static 0(namic

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0esign Features

Secondar( Sealing 'lement

Pusher Seal

!ring must move a:iall*

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0esign Features

Secondar( Sealing 'lement

>on9Pusher Seal

Static

!ring

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Secondar( Sealing 'lements

Elastomeric Bello-s 'alf Convolution )eflon Bello-s Welded Metal Bello-s

V "ings

0 Cup

Wedge

Encapsulated "ing

"ing

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Pusher vs. >on9Pusher

Pusher vs& $on!Pusher

!ring secondar* seal must slide along shaft as seal face -ears

Bello-s secondar* seal e:pands to accommodate face -ear& Bello-s tail is stationar* against shaft

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Secondar( Sealing 'lements Temperature !ange

FCCDF BCCDF
1E1DC 3 E4CDF 1BGDC 3 2CCDF ECBDC 3 BCCDF EHIDC 3 44CDF ECBDC 3 BCCDF EHIDC 3 44CDF

21FDC ECBDC G2DC !1HDC

ECCDF

C
!ECCDF !BCCDF
!4BDC 3 !F4DF !B4DC 3 !4CDF

!EGDC 3 !ECDF

!BCDC 3 !BCDF

!EGDC 3 !ECDF

!1EGDC
!E1EDC 3 !24CDF

!EBCDC

Buna9>

'P0M

8iton

TM

@alre.

TM

1flas

TM

Teflon

TM

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0esign Features

0rive Mechanism

Must Transmit Tor"ue Must 1llo# 1/ial Movement :Primar( !ing;

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T(pes of 0rive Mechanisms

,ent ,rive

Je* ,rive

Set Scre- ,rive

Pin ,rive

Snap "ing ,rive

Slot and Ear

Elastomer ,rive

Spring ,rive

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1rrangements

Single

nside Mounted )utside Mounted

Multiple

Pressuri.ed >on9Pressuri.ed

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1rrangements

Single

nside Mounted

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1rrangements

Single

)utside Mounted

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Single Seal 1rrangement

#nside Mounted
Process Fluid Gland Pump Housing Mating Ring Atmosphere

Seal Head

Shaft

utside Mounted

Gland Pump Housing Atmosphere Process Fluid Mating Ring Seal Head Shaft

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1rrangements
"otating 'ead and "otating Seat
"otating 'ead "otating Seat

"otating

Stationar*

"otating

(dvantages
Less "adial K (:ial Space "e;uirements Lo-er Cost

(dvantages
'igher Speed Capa/ilit* )olerates Misalignment Better Better Cooling

0se "otating 'ead (ssem/lies up to.

24CC fpm for Single Spring ,esigns 4CCC fpm for Multiple Spring ,esigns

{
Stationar*

Seal 'ead

Seat

Seat

Seal 'ead

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1rrangements

Multiple

>on9Pressuri.ed Pressuri.ed

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Multiple Seal 1rrangements

Classical Tandem

Process seal

Backup seal

Classical D!"ble

Process seal

Barrier fluid seal

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Multiple Seal 1rrangements

0npressuriLed 7)andem8

Pressure

Process Buffer (tmosphere

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Multiple Seal 1rrangements

PressuriLed 7dou/le8

Pressure

Process

Barrier (tmosphere

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Classification of Seal Failures

nstallation Machiner( design and operation Seal design and operation

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Failures of Seal Components

Seal Faces Loss of Fle/ibilit( Secondar( Sealing 'lements Material Compatibilit(

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Face 0amage: $earout

$eWorn

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Face 0amage: %eat Checking

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Loss of Fle/ibilit(: %angup

Leakage decomposes or solidifies and locks primar* ring in place

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Secondar( Sealing 'lement Problems

Cuts overheated compatibilit( #ith fluid

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Material Compatibilit( of Faces and %ard#are

Corrosion $ear

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Modern Mechanical Seals

Minimi.e or Prevent Leakage

CM17STL' !eport

better performance than older designs can meet local and federal re"uirements

!eliable 'conomical 'volving

Materials 1rrangements Testing