Topic 2 .

NET Application Development

Outline
Toolbox Control Menus and Submenus Dialog Boxes, Message Box and Input Box Data and Operators Control Structure Control Arrays Sub Procedures and Function Procedures

Outline
Debugging Tool Identifying Errors Classes, Objects and Methods Inheritance and Polymorphism Construct using String Methods

Toolbox Control
Windows Graphical User Interface
VB.Net is an object-oriented language Write application programs that run in Windows or on the Internet Window = Form

Toolbox of elements called Controls

Text Box Label Check Box Button

Menus and SubMenus

 Menu Editor :
Dropdown Multi-level Pop-up

Dialog Box

Message Box & Input Box

Message box

Input box

MessageBox Object
Use Show Method of MessageBox to display special type of window Arguments of Show method
Message to display Optional Title Bar Caption Optional Button(s) Optional Icon

MessageBox Syntax
The MessageBox is an Overloaded Method
Signatures correspond to the Argument list There are multiple Signatures to choose from Arguments must be included to exactly match one of the predefined Signatures
MessageBox.Show (TextMessage, TitlebarText, MessageBoxButtons, MesssageBoxIcon) Example: MessageBox.Show (Good Morning Are You OK Today?, Hello, MessageBoxButtons .YesNoCancel, MessageBoxIcon.Question)

MessageBoxButtons Constants
OK OKCancel RetryCancel YesNo YesNoCancel AbortRetryIgnore

MessageBoxIcon Constants
Warning Exclamation Question Error Stop Information Asterisk

Public Class Form1 Public x As Short

Private Sub Button1_Click(ByVal sender As System.Object, ByVal e As System.EventArgs) Handles Button1.Click MsgBox ( Hello! This is my message box. ", MsgBoxStyle.Critical + 1, MsgBox ) End Sub Private Sub Button2_Click(ByVal sender As System.Object, ByVal e As System.EventArgs) Handles Button2.Click

InputBox ( Enter your age:", InputBox ", x )

End Sub End Class

Data types and Operators

Data types
Integer, string, single, double, boolean, char, short

Operators
Arithmetic (+,-,*,/,\,Mod) Logical (Or, And) Relational (=,<>,<,<=,>,>=)

Data Types
byte sbyte Short (sho) ushort 1 byte Range 0 to 255 1 byte Range -128 to 127 2 bytes 2 bytes Unsigned byte Signed byte

Range Signed -32768 to 32767 short Range 0 to 65535 Unsigned short

More Integer Data Types

int (int) 4 bytes Range
-2,147,483,647 to 2,147,483,647

Signed integer

uint long (lng)

4 bytes Range
0 to 4,294,967,295

Unsigned integer

8 bytes Greater than Signed 900,000 trillion long int

Unsigned long int

ulong 8 bytes Greater than 18 million trillion

Other Data Types

single (sng) double (dbl) 4 Range bytes A number 6 digits past
the decimal

Float number Double precision

8 Range bytes A number 14 digits past

the decimal

decimal

8 Range bytes A number 28 zeros long string (str) N/A Range N/A char 2 Range bytes 0x0000 to 0xFFFF Bool (bln) True or False

Fixed precision
Unicode

Unicode character
Boolean

VB.NET: Data Types

True is now = 1 Integer Data type has changed
Short (Int16), Integer (Int32), Long (Int64) VB 6
Dim intAge As Integer Dim intID As Long

VB.NET
Dim intAge As Short Dim intID As Integer

VB.NET: Type vs. Structure

Defining user defined types (UDT) has a new syntax VB 6
Type Customer CustomerNumber as Long CustomerName As String CustomerCompany As String End Type

VB.NET
Structure Customer Public CustomerNumber as Integer Public CustomerName As String Public CustomerCompany As String End Structure

Block-Level Scope
VB .NET introduces variables that only exist within blocks of code
Blocks are items such as ForNext, DoLoop, and If ThenEnd If

Variables are only visible within the block, but their lifetime is that of the whole procedure

Changes in Syntax
Firstly the Currency data type is no longer used in VB 6.0 Currency has been replaced with Decimal in VB.NET The Currency data type (64 bit) does not provide sufficient accuracy to avoid rounding errors, so Decimal (96 bit) was created as its own data type. Dim x As Currency is upgraded to: Dim x As Decimal

Long and Integer Data Types

VB 6.0
Long variables were stored as 32-bit numbers and Integer variables as 16-bit numbers

VB.NET
Long variables are stored as 64-bit numbers, Integer variables are stored as 32-bit numbers, Short variables are stored as 16-bit numbers.

No More Variant Data Type

Variant data types are changed to Object due to

keeping all the languages more similar. This is no

longer the same as a pointer to an object.

Dim x As Variant
Dim x As Object

is upgraded to:

Arithmetic Operations
Numbers are called numeric literals Five arithmetic operations in VB.NET
+ addition - subtraction * multiplication / division ^ exponentiation

Chapter 3 - VB.NET by Schneider

25

Mathematical Operators
Operator + * / \ Mod ^ Operation Addition Subtraction Multiplication Division Integer Division Modulus (division's remainder) Exponentiation

Variables & Constants

Variable
Memory locations that hold data that can be changed during project execution Ex: hours worked

Named Constant
Memory locations that hold data that cannot be changed during project execution Ex: Sales tax percentage, SSI rate

Constants
Named
User defined

Intrinsic
System defined within Visual Studio
Color.red

Variables
Declaration:
Dim speed As Double
Variable name
Data type

Assignment:
speed = 50

Chapter 3 - VB.NET by Schneider

29

Initialization
Numeric variables are automatically initialized to 0: Dim varName As Double To specify a nonzero initial value Dim varName As Double = 50

Chapter 3 - VB.NET by Schneider

30

Controlling Program Flow

Decision Structures Loops

5-31

Decision Structures
Controls the program execution path based on condition
Boolean expression is true or false A variable has a specific value An error condition occurs

Most commonly used decision structures are

If...ThenElse SelectCase

5-32

If...ThenElse Decision Structure

Contains one or more Conditions Conditions
Boolean expressions that evaluate as either true or false Compares two values such as a variable and a constant Must compare similar data types

Program execution proceeds based on the evaluation outcomes

5-33

If...ThenElse Decision Structure

5-34

AndAlso and OrElse Operators

Improves program performance AndAlso logical operator
VB evaluates the first expression;if its value is false, VB does not evaluate the second expression as the result of the overall expression will always be false

OrElse logical operator

VB evaluates the first expression; if it returns true, VB does not evaluate the second as the result of the overall expression will always be true

5-35

If...ThenElse - Syntax
Syntax1 Syntax2

5-36

If...ThenElse - Syntax
Private Sub btnClick1_Click(ByVal sender As Object, ByVal e As System.EventArgs) Handles btnClick1.Click If TextBox1.Text = "Alexander" Then MessageBox.Show("Hello " & TextBox1.Text, "Greetings", MessageBoxButtons.OK, MessageBoxIcon.Information) End If End Sub

5-37

SelectCase Decision Structure

Evaluates the value of a specific object and executes different program statements depending on the objects value Syntax

5-38

SelectCase Decision Structure

TestExpression must evaluate to one of the elementary data types If TestExpression does not evaluate to any of the values, the Case Else program statements execute Always compares the TestExpression value to the values in the individual Case statements until it finds a match

5-39

SelectCase Decision Structure

Select...Case structure
Uses the same comparison expression for all cases

If...ElseIf...Else structure
Uses different comparison expressions

5-40

SelectCase Decision Structure

Select Case TextBox1.Text Case "Alexander" MessageBox.Show("Hello " & TextBox1.Text, "Greetings", MessageBoxButtons.OK, MessageBoxIcon.Information) Case "Mike" MessageBox.Show("Hello " & TextBox1.Text, "Greetings", MessageBoxButtons.OK, MessageBoxIcon.Information) End Select

5-41

Loops
Program structure that executes a series of program statements multiple times until it reaches an exit condition Pretest loop
First evaluates the exit condition and then executes the program statements

Posttest loop
Executes the program statements first and then evaluates the exit condition

5-42

Do Loop
Can be either a pretest or a posttest loop Syntax

5-43

Do While Loop
Pretest loop that first evaluates a condition
If the Condition is true, the program statements execute and the loop evaluates the Condition again If the Condition becomes false, the loop exits

Syntax Do While Condition Program statements Loop

5-44

Do...Loop Until Loop

Posttest loop that executes some program statements then evaluates a Condition
If the Condition is false, the program statements execute again and the loop evaluates the Condition again If the Condition becomes true, the loop exits

Syntax Do Program statements Loop Until Condition

5-45

Do...Loop Until Loop

Dim intCount As Integer intCount = 0 MessageBox.Show(intCount.ToString) Do intCount = intCount + 1 MessageBox.Show(intCount.ToString) Loop Until intCount = 5

5-46

For...Next Loop
Loop set to iterate a specific number of times Built-in CounterVariable that acts as the counter controlling the number of times the loop executes Loop automatically increments the counter by a StepValue that you specify

5-47

For...Next Loop (contd)

Syntax

CounterVariable
Specifies the variable that controls the number of times the loop executes

5-48

For...Next Loop (contd)

StartValue
Specifies the CounterVariables start value

EndValue
Specifies its end value

StepValue
Specifies the value by which the CounterVariable increments with each loop iteration

5-49

For...Next Loop (contd)

Dim intCount As Integer For intCount = 0 To 5 MessageBox.Show(intCount.ToString) Next

5-50

Composite Data Types

Data types that store multiple scalar values
Array data types Array list data types Structure data types

Stores and manipulates database records that contain columns that have different data types

5-51

Arrays
List of similar data items
One-dimensional array Two-dimensional array Multidimensional array

Useful for storing and processing values that a program reads from a file or database Index
Represents the items position in the array and one or more associated data values

5-52

One-Dimensional Array
Has one data value Syntax {Dim|Private|Public} ArrayName(MaxRows) As DataType
To create a One-dimensional array

ArrayName is the name of the array

Preface array name with the data type prefix of the data that the array stores

DataType is the type of data the array values store

5-53

One-Dimensional Array (contd)

MaxRows - integer
Represents the maximum number of rows that the array can store First row has the index value zero

Syntax ArrayName(Index) = DataValue

To assign a value to a One-dimensional array

Syntax VariableName = ArrayName(Index)

Retrieve an array value and assign it to a variable

5-54

Two-Dimensional Array
Contains two data values of the same data type Both the columns and the rows have indexes First dimension represents the column index value Second dimension represents the row index value

5-55

Two-Dimensional Array (contd)

Syntax

To declare a two-dimensional array and assign its data values

5-56

Multidimensional Arrays
Arrays with three or more dimensions Different dimensions are hard to visualize and manage Not often in use

5-57

Array Lists
Composite data type that stores a set of values that can be of any data type Has an index indicating the row position and a value that user associates with the index value Syntax to create an array list
{Dim|Private|Public} ArrayListName As New ArrayList

5-58

Array Lists (contd)

Syntax ArrayListName(Index)
To reference a value in an array list

Stores the data items as objects rather than as elementary data type values Provides flexibility in working with the list items, whose data type is not known at design time

5-59

Array Lists - Methods

Methods perform data operations in specific array locations
Sorting values Inserting, updating, and deleting

Not available with standard arrays Can be used if user does not know how many items will be stored Example - count, sort

5-60

TOPIC 2 (cont) PROCEDURE, FUNCTION & MODULE IN VISUAL BASIC

Subroutines and Functions

Subroutines
Does not return any value Can have zero or more parameters

Functions
Always Returns some value Can have zero or more parameters

Calls to Subs and Functions Require Parentheses

In VB6, you called a Sub without parentheses
AddOrder OrderNum, OrderDate

You could use the Call statement, which required parenthese

Call AddOrder(OrderNum, OrderDate)

.NET always requires parentheses for a Sub, as well as with Functions

Procedures
A procedure is a block of Visual Basic statements enclosed by a declaration statement (Sub, Function,Get, Set) and a matching End declaration. All executable statements in Visual Basic must be within some procedure.

Why to Create a Procedure

It allow you to break your program into discrete logical units, each of which can be debug more easily than an entire program without procedures.
It can also use as a building block for other programs.

If you have code that performs the same task in different places, you can write the task once as a procedure and then call it from different places in your code.

Types of Procedures
1. Sub Procedures A Sub procedure is a series of Visual Basic statements enclosed by the Sub and End Sub statements. The Sub procedure performs a task and then returns control to the calling code, but it does not return a value to the calling code. It is Public by default, which means you can call it from anywhere in your application. It can take arguments, which are passed to it by the calling code. Types of Sub Procedure They are of 2 types: a) General ProcedureIt tells the application how to perform a specific task. It must be invoked by an application.

b) Event ProcedureEvent procedures execute in response to an event raised by user action or by an occurrence in a program such as click event of an object.

Parts of a Function Procedure

A Function Procedure has these parts: Visibility Public, Friend or Private Procedure Type Sub, Function, Property Let, Property Get, Property Set Name Anything you like as long as it starts with a letter and contains only letters numbers and underscores. Argument List a list of the items of data that the procedure needs, Return Type if the type is Function or Property Get this tells the compiler what kind of thing will be returned, for instance, Double or String. Body all the statements that do the work.

How to: Create a Procedure

You enclose a procedure between a starting declaration statement (Sub or Function) and an ending declaration statement (End Sub or End Function). All the procedure's code lies between these statements. Declaration Syntax of General Procedure [ modifiers ] Sub subname [( parameterlist )] ' Statements of the Sub procedure.

End Sub
Declaration Syntax of Event Procedure [ modifiers]Sub objectname_eventname [(parameterlist )] ' Statements of the Sub procedure. End Sub The modifiers can specify access level (Public, Private)

Parameters
In most cases, a procedure needs to operate on different data each time you call it. You can pass this information to the procedure as part of the procedure call. The procedure defines zero or more parameters, each of which represents a value it expects you to pass to it. By default, all parameters to a VB procedure are passed by reference. When you pass by value, you'll get saved from subtle bugs. Passing by value (ByVal): The procedure gets a copy of the actual value of the argument.

Function MultiplyByTwo(ByVal x As Integer) As Integer

Passing by reference (ByRef): The procedure gets access to the argument's actual memory address.

Function MultiplyByTwo(ByRef x As Integer) As Integer

When a ByRef parameter is used, the value of the passed argument can be permanently changed by the procedure.

Parameter Declaration
You declare each procedure parameter similarly to how you declare a variable, specifying the parameter name and data type. The syntax for each parameter in the parameter list is as follows: [Optional] [ByVal|ByRef] parametername As datatype If the parameter is optional, you must also supply a default value as part of its declaration. The syntax for specifying a default value is as follows:
Optional [ByVal | ByRef] parametername As datatype = defaultval

Calling Procedure
You invoke a Sub procedure explicitly with a stand-alone calling statement , Call keyword which is optional. The syntax for a call to a Sub procedure [Call] subname [( argumentlist )]

Example of Sub Procedure

Private Sub sum(a,b)

c=a+b
Print c End Sub Private Sub command1_click() Call sum(10,20) Or Sum(10,20) End Sub

2. Function Procedures

A Function procedure is a series of Visual Basic statements enclosed by the Function and End Function statements. The Function procedure performs a task and then returns control to the calling code. When it returns control, it also returns a value to the calling code.
Declaration Syntax of Function Procedure
The syntax for declaring a Function procedure is as follows: [modifiers] Function funcname [(paramlist)] As returntype ' Statements of the Function procedure. functionname = expression Return expression End Function Data TypeEvery Function procedure has a data type. This data type is specified by the As clause in the Function statement, and it determines the data type of the value the function returns to the calling code. Returns control to the code that called a Function, Sub, Get, Set, or Operator procedure

Calling Function Procedure

You invoke a Function procedure by including its name and arguments either on the right side of an assignment statement or in an expression. You must provide values for all arguments that are not optional, and you must enclose the argument list in parentheses. If no arguments are supplied, you can optionally omit the parentheses.

The syntax for a call to a Function procedure :

[ modifiers]Sub objectname_eventname [(parameterlist )] varname = functionname [( argumentlist )]

End Sub

Example of Function Procedure

Public Function Sum(ByRef a As Double, ByRef b As Double) As Double Sum = a + b Return sum

End Function
Private Sub command1_click() csum= sum(10,20)

Print csum
End Sub

3. Property Procedures
A property procedure is a series of Visual Basic statements that manipulate a custom property on a module, class, or structure.

Visual Basic provides for the following property procedures:

A Get procedure returns the value of a property. It is called when you access the property in an expression. A Set procedure sets a property to a value, including an object reference. It is called when you assign a value to the property. You usually define property procedures in pairs, using the Get and Set statements, but you can define either procedure alone if the property is read-only (Get Statement) or writeonly (Set Statement (Visual Basic)).

VB 6
Public Property Get CustomerName End Property Public Property Let m_CustName = End Property CustomerName() As String = m_CustName CustomerName(sCustName As String) sCustName

VB.NET
Public Property CustomerName() As String Get CustomerName = m_CustName End Get Set m_CustName = Value End Set End Property

Syntax of Property Procedure

The syntax for declaring a property and its procedures :
[Default] [modifiers] Property propertyname[(parameterlist)] As datatype

[accesslevel]
Get ' Statements of the Get procedure. ' The following statement returns expression as the property's value. Return expression End Get [accesslevel] Set[(ByVal newvalue As datatype)] ' Statements of the Set procedure. ' The following statement assigns newvalue as the property's value.

lvalue = newvalue
End Set End Property

Example of Property Procedure

Dim firstName, lastName As String Property fullName() As String Get If lastName = "" Then Return firstName Else

Return firstName & " " & lastName

End If End Get Set(ByVal Value As String) Dim space As Integer If space < 0 Then firstName = Value lastName = "" else

firstName = Value.Substring(0, space)

lastName = Value.Substring(space + 1) End If End Set End Property

One Solution File

VB Application Files
.sln .suo

May contain multiple projects Stores the names of the project and config info

Solution User Options File

User customization options IDE screen layout

Project Files
Describes the project and list the files required May contain multiple forms

.vbproj

Project User Options File Form Files Resource File for the Form Code Behind

.vbproj.user .vb /.aspx .resx .aspx.vb

VB.NET: Property Functions

VB 6
Public Property Get CustomerName End Property Public Property Let m_CustName = End Property CustomerName() As String = m_CustName CustomerName(sCustName As String) sCustName

VB.NET
Public Property CustomerName() As String Get CustomerName = m_CustName End Get Set m_CustName = Value End Set End Property

 Default properties are no longer supported. Important! Early Binding is key in VB6 VB 6
txtAddress = rs(Addr_1) lblFName = First Name

VB.NET: Default Properties

VB.NET
txtAddress.Text = rs(Addr_1).value lblFName.Text = First Name

Note: Recordset (COM ADO) is not the preferred data storage object in VB.NET, this is just an example.

VB.NET: New Declaration Syntax

Variables can now be declared and initialized on declaration line. VB 6
Dim intLoop As Integer intLoop = 10

VB.NET
Dim intLoop As Integer = 10

VB.NET: Structured Exception Handling

VB.NET supports elegant error handling VB 6
On Error Goto ErrTag ... clean up Exit Function ErrTag: error handling clean up End Function

VB.NET
Try ... Catch error handling Finally clean up End Try

Modules
Modules are the code container. Visual Basic supports 3 types of modules:

1. Form Module :
It consists of small piece of code called Procedures. It includes the description, settings and properties related to a single form. Its extension is .frm.

2. Standard Module:
It's better to separate all your Functions and Subs and put them somewhere else - in something called a Module. That way, we can use them in other projects. It does not have a GUI and contains only code. It is a container for procedures and declarations commonly used by within the application. They contain global and ,module level declarations of variables. Its extension is .bas.

How to add a standard module?

start a new project.
Add a button to you new form. To add a Module in project, click Project from the menubar.

From the from down menu, click on "Add Module":

From the from down menu, click on "Add Module":You'll should see a blank window, with this code in it:

Example of Standard Module

MODULE

FORM

CALLING OF MODULE

3. Class Module
They are the foundation of Object-oriented programming in Visual Basic. It is used to create new objects. They have no visible user interface.

Its extension is .cls.

How to add a class module?

To add a Class Module in project, click Project from the menubar.
From the from down menu, click on "Add ClassModule":

From the Add Class Module window, click on Open":You'll should see a blank window, with this code in it:

TOPIC 2 (cont) Class, Object, Methods

Programming Languages
Procedural
Program specifies exact sequence

Event Driven (VB 6.0 and previous) Object Oriented Programming (VB.NET)
User controls sequence
Click event Double Click event Change event

Class
Programs are complex. A Class is one part of a program. It is self-contained. When we modify a Class, other parts of the program are not affected. This makes programs more reliable and easier to develop.

Class

Class
Software structure that is important in Object Oriented Programming Has data members and methods Blue print or proto type for an object Contains the common properties and methods of an object Few examples are Car, Person, Animal

Object
Instance of a class Gives Life to a class Ram is an object belonging to the class Person Ford is an object belonging to the class Car Jimmy is an object belonging to the class Animal

Constructor
Used for initializing private members of a class Name of the constructor should be New() always Can have zero or more parameters Does not return any value. So they are sub routines Need not be invoked explicitly. They are invoked automatically when an object is created A class can have more than one constructor Every constructor should differ from the other by means of number of parameters or data types of parameters Constructors can be inherited

Example 1
Public Class Test Dim a As Integer Sub Print() MsgBox (Hello) End Sub

Public Function add(ByVal a as Integer, ByVal b as Integer) as Integer Return (a+b) End Function End Class Module M1 Sub Main() Dim t as New Test() Creating Object for the class Test t.print() Calling sub routine print (method) End Sub End Module

Example 2

Module Module1 Sub Main() Dim st As New Student 'create object st.setnumber()' accessing members st.getnumber() Console.ReadLine() End Sub Class Student Private stnumber As Integer Private stname As String Private stsex As String Public Sub setnumber() Console.WriteLine("Enter student's number:") stnumber = CInt(Console.ReadLine) End Sub

Public Sub getnumber() Console.WriteLine("Student's number is:" & stnumber)

End Sub End Class End Module

VB.NET: Polymorphism
Polymorphism is where multiple procedures of the same name perform different tasks. One name many forms/ one object behaving as multiple forms/ One function behaves in different forms/ Many forms of a single object Polymorphism is the process of using an function or a procedure in different ways for different set of inputs given.

VB.NET: Polymorphism
Public Class RollerCoaster Public Sub Ride() Console.WriteLine("Here we go") Console.WriteLine("Click, Click ,Click") Console.WriteLine("Oh, *&@&#%") Console.WriteLine("That was great") End Sub End Class Public Class MerryGoRound Public Sub Ride() Console.WriteLine("OK will go on it") Console.Writeline("Nap Time") Console.WriteLine("Yea its over") End Sub End Class

VB.NET: Overloading
Functions can now be overloaded (accept arguments of different types) Method with same name but with different arguments. VB.NET:
Overloads Function ConvertSQL(ByVal strString As String) As String ConvertSQL = "'" & strString & "'" End Function Overloads Function ConvertSQL(ByVal intNum As Integer) As String ConvertSQL = CStr(intNum) End Function

VB.NET: Overriding
Method overriding occurs when child class declares a method that has the same type arguments as a method declared by one of its parent superclass. Class { virtual void hello() Sample : { Console.WriteLine(Hello from Parent); }
}

(not in vb.net)

Class child : parent { override void hello() { Console.WriteLine(Hello from Child); } } static void main() { parent objParent = new child(); objParent.hello(); }

VB.NET: Inheritance
Inheritance allows us to define a class in terms of another class which makes it easier to create and maintain an application, warisan This also provides an opportunity to reuse the code functionality and fast implementation time.

VB.NET: Inheritance
Public Class Customer Private m_CustName As String

Public Property CustomerName() As String Get CustomerName = m_CustName End Get Set m_CustName = Value End Set End Property End Class
Public Class CustCompany Inherits Customer Private m_CustCompany As String Public Property CustomerCompany() As String Get CustomerCompany = m_CustCompany End Get Set m_CustCompany = Value End Set End Property End Class

VB 6 Moving Forward
Avoid
Web Classes, ActiveX Docs, DHTML Apps

Development Techniques
Early Binding Dont use Default Properties Use Constants (such as true) Avoid GoSub Use ByVal and ByRef explicitly (ByVal is now default) Use ADO

VB6 to VB.NET Conversion Techniques

Relax, take breaks often

References
www.cs.ccsu.edu/~markov/ccsu_courses/introvbnet_ch03.ppt web.sau.edu/grenierkennethr/.../Appendix%20Part%201%20. ppt http://www.dotnetperls.com/class-vbnet http://www.tutorialspoint.com/vb.net/vb.net_classes_objects .htm http://www.vbtutor.in/getting-started-with-visual-basicnet/object-oriented-programming-in-vbnet http://www.worldbestlearningcenter.com/index_files/VB.NET _OOP_Create_Objects.htm http://www.codeproject.com/Articles/602141/Polymorphismin-NET