Chapter 3 Mass Balance

Balance on Reactive Processes System: Part B

Balance of Reactive Processes

Balance on reactive process can be solved based on three method:

1.

Atomic Species Balance

Extent of Reaction Molecular Species Balance

2.

3.

Degree-of-Freedom Analysis

Independent Equation

Independent Equation

Algebraic equation are independent if we cannot obtain any one of them by adding and subtracting multiples of any of the others x + 2y = 4 [1] 3x + 6y = 12 [2] Only one independent equation because [2]= 3 x [1]

Independent Species

If two MOLECULAR species are in the SAME RATIO to each other wherever they appear in a process, balance on those species will not be independent (i.e. only one independent equation is get) Similarly

Independent Molecular Species

If two MOLECULAR species are in the SAME RATIO to each other wherever they appear in a process, balance on those n3 mol O species will not be independent 3.76 n3 mol N(i.e. only n1 mol O n4 mol CCl (v) one3.76 independent equation is get) n1 mol N
2

n2 mol CCl4(l)

Process Unit

n5 mol CCl4(l)

Independent Molecular Species

Since N2 and O2 have a same ratio wherever they appear on the flowchart (3.76 mol N2/ mol O2), only ONE independent balance can obtain. Let make a molecular balance on both species to prove it

Balance on O2: n1=n3

[1]

Independent Atomic Species

If two ATOMIC species are in the SAME RATIO to each other wherever they appear in a process, balance on those n3 mol O species will not be independent 3.76 n3 mol N (i.e. only n1 mol O n4 mol CCl (v) one3.76 independent equation is get) n1 mol N
2

n2 mol CCl4(l)

Process Unit

n5 mol CCl4(l)

Independent Atomic Species

Atomic N and O are always in same proportion to each other in the process (3.76:1), similar for atom C and Cl which always same ratio too (1:4). Although FOUR atomic species exist, only TWO independent equation can obtain for this cases. Prove: Balance on atomic O: 2n1=2n3 n1=n3 [1] Balance on atomic N: 2(3.76)n1=2(3.76)n3

MUFLIS DALAM HARTA HANYA KEMISKINAN YANG SEMENTARA DI DUNIA, MUFLIS DALAM WATAK ADALAH KEMISKINAN TERBURUK DI DUNIA. IA

Independent Reaction

Used when we using either molecular species balance or extent of reaction method to analyze a balance on reactive process Chemical reaction are independent if the stoichiometric equation of any one of them cannot be obtained by adding and subtracting multiples of the stoichiometric equations of the others

Balance of Reactive Processes

Balance on reactive process can be solved based on three method:

1.Atomic

Species Balance
of Reaction Species Balance

2.Extent

3.Molecular

Atomic Species Balance

No. of unknowns variables - No. of independent atomic species balance - No. of molecular balance on indep. nonreactive species - No. of other equation relating the variable

Extent of Reaction
No. of + No. of reaction - No. of species - No. of species unknowns variables independent chemical independent reactive independent nonreactive

Molecular Species Balance

No. of unknowns variables + No. of independent chemical reaction - No. of independent molecular species balance - No. of other equation relating the variable

Application of Method
C2H6 -------> C2H4 + H2
100 kmol C2H6/min

Reactor

40 kmol H2/min n1 kmol C2H6/min n2 kmol C2H4/min

Method 1: Atomic Species Balance

All atomic balance is INPUT=OUTPUT Degree-of-freedom analysis

2 unknowns variables (n1, n2) - 2 independent atomic species balance (C, H) - 0 molecular balance on indep. nonreactive species - 0 other equation relating the variable

Method 1: Atomic Species Balance

Balance on atomic C n1 (input= output) 100 kmol 2 knol C kmol 2 kmol C

C2H6 1 kmol C2H6 = C2H6 1 kmol C2H6 + n2( 2)

200=2n1 + 2n2 100=n1 + n2

[1]

Balance on atomic H (input = output) 100(6)=40(2) + 6n1+4n2

Method 2: Extent of Reaction

Degree-of-freedom analysis
2 unknowns variables (n1,n2) 1 independent chemical reaction 3 independent reactive species (C2H6, C2H4,

+ H2) 0 independent nonreactive species 0 other equation relating the variable ============================= 0 No. of degree of freedom =============================

Method 2: Extent of Reaction

Write extent of reaction for each species : : n1 = 100- n2= 40=

C2H6 C2H4 H2 :

Solve for n1 and n2 ( =40)

n1= 60 kmol C2H6/min; n2= 40 kmol

Method 3: Molecular Species Balance

Degree-of-freedom analysis
2 unknowns variables (n1, n2) +1 independent chemical reaction - 3 independent molecular species balance (C2H6, C2H4, H2) - 0 other equation relating the variable ============================= 0 No. of degree of freedom =============================

Method 3: Molecular Species Balance

H2 balance (Gen=Output): H2 Gen= 40 kmol H2/min

C2H6 Balance (input=output + cons.): 100 kmol C2H6/min = n1kmol C2H6/min + 40 kmol H2 gen X (1 kmol C2H6 cons/1 kmol H2 gen) n1= 60 kmol C2H6/min

CLASS DISCUSSION EXAMPLE 4.7-1

Product Separation & Recycle

75 mol A/min 100 mol A/min

Reactor

25 mol A/min 75 mol B/min

Product Separation Unit

75 mol B/min

25 mol A/min

Overall Conversion Reactant input to Process reactant output from Process

Purging
To prevent any inert or insoluble substance build up and accumulate in the system Purge stream and recycle stream before Product Freshand Feed Product after the purge have a same Separation Reactor Unit composition.

Recycle Purge

CLASS DISCUSSION EXAMPLE 4.7-2

CLASS DISCUSSION EXAMPLE 4.7-3

ANY QUESTIO