Nanotechnology
 Nanotechnology is the creation of useful
materials, devices, and systems through
the control of matter on the nanometer-
length scale. This takes place at the scale
of atoms, molecules, and supramolecular
structures
 History
Nanotechnology and nanoscience


star ted in the ear ly 1980s with

two major developments:
q the bir th of Cluster Science
q the invention of the Scanning
Tunneling Micr oscope (STM)
IBM Fellow ‘Don Eigler’ was
the first to accurately
manipulate individual atoms
on a surface
Atomic Force Microscope
(AFM) was invented in
1986
Providing :


q better resolution
q higher contr ol
Atomic Force
Microscope (AFM)
Nanotechnological
approaches :
vBottom up approach

involves assembling structures atom-by-
atom or molecule-by-molecule


vTop-down approach

involve breaking down of macros,
Rarely used in Nanomedicine
 Nanomedicine


Nanomedicine
may be defined
as the
application of
nanotechnolog y
by cr eating
devices and
Gordon, N., Sagman, U.: Nanomedicine Taxonomy. Canadian Institute of
Health Research & Canadian NanoBusiness Alliance (2003).
Definition
Nanodevices are much
simpler polymer backbone
structure (<100nm)
attached to it some nano-
tools
Objectives
Make the device smarter
and even more versatile so
it can do what brute force
could not
Nanomaterials
 Nanomaterials

Graphene sheets 

rolled into tubes or


sphere



unique mechanical


and electrical


carbon Nanotubes
 proper ties


 heat resistance
 Nanomaterials
 Quantum-size effects are


observed


quantum confinement

Semiconductor particles 



surface Plasmon

some metal particles resonance






superparamagnetism

magnetic materials
NANO-TOOLS
Nanopores are small holes in a surface that


helps selecting particles to pass through

depending on its size, voltage.
At this size


Pass: Small molecules as o2, nutrients



Block: Large IG and graft rejecting viruses



T his Concept
would be of a
g reat value in
mana gement of
any hor mone,
Enzyme deficient
disease as an
encapsulated
Gland cells could
be used to r eplace
Nor mal
Function :
enhanced drug
characteristics
üimmune
stealth
ürenal
clearance.

example : peginterferon
alpha-2a for treatment of
cancer.In clinical practice
once weekly dose was
more effective than tri-
weekly dose of interferon
alpha-2a
Alza's Stealth liposomes encapsulate a
drug (red) in a phospholipid bilayer
(blue and white). A polyethylene glycol
coating (green) allows the liposomes to
evade the immune system, increasing
the half-life of the drug in the body.
 Förster Resonance Energy Transfer
qConcept:
Distance-Dependent
ener g y tr ansfer between
two chr omophor es in
w hich excitation is
tr ansfer r ed fr om a donor
molecule to an acceptor
molecule without
emission of a photon as
long as the absor ption http://www.invitrogen.com

A pplication
qspectr um over lap the
emission spectr um
it is a powerfull r epor ter
for the separ ation of two
chr omophor es
v Quantum Dots are
Nanocrystal particles with
Quantum confinement
properties
v they can be excited to
fluorescence with different
wavelengths of
Electromagnetic radiation
v The resulting fluorescent
color can be adjusted by
changing the Qdot’s size
Further explanation is
and composition.
available at the of the
presentation end
q Structure :

Thin metallic shells of a diameter ranging
from a hundred to a few hundred nanometers
q Concept:

their small size allows them to absorb and
scatter light at different wavelengths, depending
on their size and their surface plasmonic
resonance
q Applications:

Photothermal ablation

Imaging and detection techniques

Definition

Are large complex man-made molecule with a very well-
defined chemical structure and perfectly spherical shape
with a highly branched 3 dimensional architecture



Molecular structure
v Core
v Branches
v cavities
v Terminals ends

Manufacturing



Dendrimers Are produced in an accumulative
(iterative)

sequence of reactions steps, in which each
additional

interaction leads to a higher generation and
doubling

The number of active sites

Manufacturing


Synthesis :


Branching unit is added Dendron arms are created then

added to the desired core
to core simultaneously
many iterative reactions Reduce iterative reactions
Results in Result in

imperfect samples and near-perfect dendrimer

side reactions Structure
 potential

Br anches

T hey conjugate various types of molecules
W hich is classified into
I. Antitoxic particles
II. Solubility modifiers
III.Active receptor targeting
IV.Nanodecoys
V. Imaging tags.



Inter nal Cavities:

Encapsulation
Back bone for nanodevices

Par ticle
 Current Dendritic
products
Product Application Company

Vivagel VaginalGel , using Nanodecoys to Starpharma
prevent HIV infection

Strarus CS Cardiac Marker Dade Behring

 SuperFect Gene Transfection Qiagen

Alert Ticket Anthrax Detection Us Army

Research Lab


Dendrimer s can be ver y useful in cr eating
a multipur pose NanoDevice, as it can
 Cancer
management
 Demonstration of
Nanomedicine on cancer
management

v Smar t dr ugs v Imaging:

v Tar geted 

-Dendrimer s-based MRI



Nanopar ticles
contr ast a gents
v Tr ojan hor ses

-Qdots imaging
v Nanoshells Assisted 

Photo-ther mal
v Lab :
T her apy 



-cantilever s


Smart drugs :

drugs that are only
medically active in specific
circumstances, as Enzyme-
activated drugs

Targeted Nanoparticles:

Targeting are either

Passive :
nanodimensionly
mediated via EPR
Aurimune drug by Cytimmune

Active : Receptor-
mediated cell-specific
targeting
 
Trojan horse:

Polymeric liposome analogue with a drug payload inside a

hydrophobic core
gate may be
Elegant peptide
example anti-body
for or proteins
Excellent
multifunctional which
vector
nano may elicitnucleic
for delivering an immune
acids in
mer
nse back bone with hydrophobic side
device cells
Nanoshells are tuned to absorb specific
wavelengths depending on:
-size
- core to shell diameter ratio

Nanoshell generate heat



NIR cell death

800-1200nm
Suppresses the immune reaction

enhance biocompatibility
HER2 over expressed on ~ 30% of breast
cancer cells
Nanoshells are attached to tumor cells
by active targeting
 vImaging

 Dendrimer-based MRI
contrast agents

Concept :
Gadolinium groups (Magnevist®) were attached to


PAMAM Dendrimers surface terminal groups




Quantum Dots and
Imaging

Qds can be used for the study of live cell

single molecule dynamics , monitoring of
intr acellular pr otein –pr otein inter actions
, disease detection in deeper tissues ,
detection of cancer tumor cells based on
selective binding of bioconjugated QDs
Quantum Dots and
Imaging

The figure above shows This shows human living

green Qdots conjugated to cancer cells incubated with
red fluorescent CdSe ZnS
streptavidin , the image
Qdots conjugated to TAT
shows F-actins of fixed
peptides, their intracellular
fibroblasts. aggregation pattern suggests
their presence inside
intracellular vesicles
 vlaboratory

 Cantilever

Cantilevers are semiconductor beams



formed by Nanolithographic techniques that

can be used to detect various molecules or
proteins in the bloodstream providing a
non-invasive rapid screening and detecion
tool
 Cantilever

 Reference: cancer.gov>>Arun Majumdar, University of

California at Berkeley
 Cantilever

 Reference: cancer.gov>>Arun Majumdar, University of

California at Berkeley

It’s the study of pathological and
toxicological effects that are unique to the size
of the nanomaterials ,which are not observed on
bulk materials, their toxicity is a Multi
disciplinary area concerning effects related to
their small size, larger surface area , nature,
solubility, agglutination, higher chemical and
biological activity .

 Toxicity of
Nanoparticles
v Nanometals
v Nanoshells
v Nanotubes
v Fullerenes
v

 Toxicity of
Nanoparticles
v Nanometals
v
v
v
v
v
v
v
v
v Nanoshells
v
 Toxicity of
Nanoparticles
v Nanometals
v Nanoshells

Regarding gold nothing has yet been
established on health hazards caused by its nano
particles used in Nanoshells’ manufacturing , and
a study on zebra fish treated with silver and gold
resulted that gold was completely inert with no
pathognomonic effects at all size and levels on
the contrary to silver


v Nanotubes
v Fullerenes
 Toxicity of
Nanoparticles
v Nanometals
v Nanoshells
v Nanotubes

- produce a tissue reaction similar to asbestos

- thin pins like shape penetrate the lining
endothelium of the lung produces pro-
inflammatory effects

- DNA damage at low levels on human lung
endothelial cells
v Fullerenes



 Toxicity of
Nanoparticles
v Nanometals
v Nanoshells
v Nanotubes
v Fullerenes

their toxic effect results from tetrahydrofuran
used in preparing the 30 nm–100 nm particles of
C60 , as so removing The TetraHydroFuran from the
C60 particle results in a marked decrease of its
toxicity



Questions ?
Thank You
Nanotech students group

§Ali Al –Nowaem
§Karim Ismail
§Hesham Ghoneim
§Momen Zalabany
§Passent Maged
Excitation of Qdots
Qdots in details.
Mechanism
and increase the Band
gap
Bohr Radius
explanation
Emission mechanism
1
Emission mechanism
2