EDEXCEL IGCSE / CERTIFICATE IN PHYSICS 5-2

Solids, Liquids and Gases

Edexcel IGCSE Physics pages 169 to 177
November 7th 2012

Content applying to Triple Science only is shown in red type on the next slide and is indicated on subsequent slides by TRIPLE ONLY

Edexcel Specification
Section 5: Solids, liquids and gases c) Change of state understand the changes that occur when a solid melts to form a liquid, and when a liquid evaporates or boils to form a gas describe the arrangement and motion of particles in solids, liquids and gases
d) Ideal gas molecules understand the significance of Brownian motion, as supporting evidence for particle theory understand that molecules in a gas have a random motion and that they exert a force and hence a pressure on the walls of the container understand that there is an absolute zero of temperature which is 273C describe the Kelvin scale of temperature and be able to convert between the Kelvin and Celsius scales understand that an increase in temperature results in an increase in the speed of gas molecules understand that the Kelvin temperature of the gas is proportional to the average kinetic energy of its molecules describe the qualitative relationship between pressure and Kelvin temperature for a gas in a sealed container use the relationship between the pressure and Kelvin temperature of a fixed mass of gas at constant volume: p1 / T1 = p2 / T2 use the relationship between the pressure and volume of a fixed mass of gas at constant temperature: p1V1 = p2V2

Red type: Triple Science Only

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States of matter
Substances can exist as solids, liquids or gases.

1. Solids
In a solid the particles (molecules) vibrate about fixed positions within a close packed regular structure. The particles cannot move in between each other which results in a solid having a definite shape and fixed volume.

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2. Liquids
When a solid is heated it may melt to form a liquid.

In a liquid the particles (molecules) move in-between each other and are approximately the same distance apart as in a solid. A liquid does not have a definite shape but it does have a fixed volume.

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3. Gases
When a gas is heated it may evaporate or boil to form a gas. In a gas the particles (molecules) move in-between each other and are much further apart than they are in a liquid. A gas takes up the shape and volume of its container.

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Property summary table

Property
definite shape can be easily compressed

Solids Liquids Gases yes no no no no yes

relative density
can flow (fluid) expands to fill container

high
no no

high
yes no

low
yes yes

fixed volume

yes

yes

no

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Choose appropriate words to fill in the gaps below:

shape due to it consisting of closely A solid has a definite _______ molecules which cannot move in-between each other. packed _________

heated to become a liquid the molecules When a solid is ________ move can _______ in-between each other. However, the molecules dense and remain ______ close together and so a liquid is as _______ incompressible as a solid.
space When a liquid becomes a gas the molecules fill up the _____ available. A gas is therefore is easily ____________. compressed

WORD SELECTION: molecules dense move heated close space

shape compressed

Molecular movement in gases

A gas consists of molecules moving about in random motion. Due to collisions, the speed and direction of each molecule is continually changing in an unpredictable way.
random motion

Brownian motion
In 1827, Robert Brown observed through a microscope the motion of pollen grains suspended in water. The grains were seen to jerk about randomly. A similar observation can be seen with smoke particles suspended in air.

The yellow sphere represents the pollen grain of smoke particle. The black particles represent water or air molecules.

Observing Brownian Motion with Smoke

The significance of Brownian Motion

Einstein, in 1905, proved mathematically that the motion of the smaller, invisible air molecules must be as random as the larger, visible smoke particles. The smoke particles move much more slowly than the air molecules due to their much greater mass.

The yellow sphere represents the pollen grain of smoke particle.

The black particles represent water or air molecules.

Gas pressure
The particle theory of a gas explains gas pressure in the following way: 1. Gas molecules in constant random motion. 2. When a molecule collides with a surface it exerts a force on the surface as it changes its direction. 3. The pressure exerted by the gas is equal to the total force in exerted by the molecules over an area of the surface divided by the area.

Boyles law
Boyles law states that the pressure of a gas is inversely proportional to its volume. This means that if the volume of a gas is doubled its pressure will halve. Boyles law only applies for a gas if its mass and temperature is kept constant while the volume is being changed.

Mathematically Boyles law can be stated:

p1 x V1 = p2 x V2
where: p1 = initial gas pressure p2 = final gas pressure V1 = initial gas volume V2 = final gas volume

Boyles law question

A gas has an initial volume of 30 m3 at atmospheric pressure (100 kPa). Calculate the final pressure of this gas if its volume is decreased to 10 m3.

Boyles law: p1 x V1 = p2 x V2 100 kPa x 30 m3 = p2 x 10 m3 3 000k = 10 p2 p2 = 3 000k / 10 Final pressure = 300 kPa

Checking Boyles law experimentally

Record the initial volume and pressure of the gas in the tube. Use the foot pump to decrease the volume of the gas in the tube. Record the new volume and pressure. Use the foot pump to obtain further sets of volume and pressure measurements.

 Plot a graph of pressure, p (y-axis) against one divided by volume, 1 / V (x-axis). If this graph is a straight line through the origin then Boyles law is confirmed. Boyles law is also confirmed if each set of volume and pressure measurements give the same answer when they are multiplied together. That is: p x V = a constant

pressure

1 volume

Pressure against volume graph

pressure (kPa)

If a pressure is plotted against volume graph is plotted then a curved line is produced. This line does not intercept either of the axes.

250
200 150 100 50 10 20 30 40 50

volume (cm3)

Complete:
p1 / Pa 100 k 100 k
100 k

V1 / cm3 30 30
25

p2 / Pa 600 k 25 k 200
20 k 25 k 150 k 100 k

V2 / cm3 5 5 15
75 125

100 k
50 k 500 k

20
60 10

80
20 50

Choose appropriate words to fill in the gaps below:

molecules that are in A gas consists of particles called __________ random motion. continual _________ force The pressure of a gas is caused by the _______ exerted by the collide and rebound off the surface molecules when they ________ experiencing the pressure. multiplied Boyles law the pressure of a gas __________ According to ________ constant number provided the by its volume is equal to a _________ temperature _____________ of the gas does not change. WORD SELECTION:

multiplied collide

temperature random

constant

Boyles

force

molecules

Absolute zero
As temperature decreases the average speed at which molecules move decreases. Eventually at a temperature called absolute zero all molecules will cease moving. Absolute zero = - 273C
(more exactly = - 273.15C)

It is not possible to achieve this temperature. The current (2012) record lowest temperature is: 273.149 999 999 900 C

The kelvin temperature scale

This kelvin scale starts from absolute zero: 0 kelvin (0 K) = - 273 C A change of one kelvin is the same as a change of one C Therefore: 0 C (melting ice) = + 273 K 100 C (boiling water) = + 373 K kelvin temperature = C temperature + 273 Note: It is incorrect to write or say degrees kelvin

Complete (use 273):

Situation
Intergalactic space
Vostok Antarctica 1983 Average Earth Surface

Celsius (oC)

Absolute (K)

Gas flame
Suns surface

- 270 - 89 15 1500 5727

3 184 288 1773 6000

Gas pressure and temperature

As temperature increases: molecules move quickly therefore exerting a greater force and so producing a greater pressure
Cold gas

Hot gas

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Molecular kinetic energy

As temperature increases the average speed and kinetic energy of the molecules increases.
With an ideal gas: The average kinetic energy of the molecules is proportional to the kelvin temperature.

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Question 1
The temperature of a gas is increased from - 123C to 377 C. What change occurs to the average kinetic energy of the gas molecules? initial gas temperature = -123C = 150 K final gas temperature = 327C = 600 K the kelvin temperature increases by 4 times therefore average kinetic energy increases by 4 times

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Question 2
When the temperature of a gas is increased from 27C the average speed of the molecules increases three fold. Calculate the final temperature of the gas. kinetic energy = mv2 If the speed, v increases by 3 times, the kinetic energy increases by 32, 9 times. and so the kelvin temperature increases by 9 times. initial temperature = 27C = 300 K therefore final temperature = 9 x 300 K = 2700 K (or 2427 C)

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The Pressure Law

The pressure law states that the pressure of a fixed mass of gas at a constant volume is proportional to its kelvin temperature. This means that if the kelvin temperature of a gas is doubled its pressure will also double.

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Mathematically the pressure law can be stated:

p1 = T1

p2 T2

Where: p1 = the initial pressure p2 = the final pressure T1 = the initial kelvin temperature T2 = the final kelvin temperature

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Pressure law question

A gas has an initial pressure of 40kPa at a temperature of - 73oC. Calculate the final pressure of this gas if its temperature is increased to 327oC at a constant volume.
Pressure law: p1 / T1 = p2 / T2 Temperatures must be in kelvin! so: T1 = 200K and T2 = 600K 40 kPa / 200K = p2 / 600K p2 = (40 000 x 600) / 200 Final pressure = 120 kPa

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Checking the pressure law experimentally

Record the initial pressure of the air in the round bottomed flask and the temperature of the water bath which is equal to the temperature of the air. Use the heater to increase the temperature. Record the new temperature and pressure. Obtain further sets of temperature and pressure measurements. Convert all temperature measurements to kelvin.

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Plot a graph of pressure, p (y-axis) against temperature in kelvin, T (x-axis). If this graph is a straight line through the origin then the pressure law is confirmed. The pressure law is also confirmed if each set of kelvin temperature and pressure measurements give the same answer when the pressure is divided by the kelvin temperature. That is: p V = a constant

pressure

kelvin temperature

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Pressure against C temperature graph

The straight line crosses the temperature axis at absolute zero (-273C)

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Complete:
p1 100 kPa 60 kPa T1 300 K 200 K 800 K 60 K 27oC p2 50 kPa 240 kPa 120 kPa 300 kPa T2 150 K 800 K 600 K 360 K 627oC 27C

160 kPa
50 kPa 50 kPa

150 kPa 100 kPa

150 kPa

450 K

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Choose appropriate words to fill in the gaps below:

kelvin temperature of a gas is doubled the When the _______ kinetic energy of its molecules is also doubled. average _______
pressure law states that the pressure of a gas is The ________ proportional to its kelvin temperature provided its ______ mass ___________ and volume remain constant.

According to the pressure law, the pressure of a gas should zero - 273C fall to _______ at a temperature of _________, also known as absolute zero.
WORD SELECTION: proportional - 273C kinetic zero pressure mass kelvin

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Solids, Liquids and Gases

Notes questions from pages 169 to 177

1.
2. 3.

4.
5. 6. 7. 8.

Outline how the properties of solids, liquids and gases depend on their molecular structure and molecular movement (see pages 170 & 171) What is meant by Brownian Motion? State Boyles law and describe how it can be verified experimentally. State and explain how the pressure exerted by a gas changes with temperature. Define the kelvin temperature scale and state the kelvin temperature of (a) 0C, (b) 100 C and (c) absolute zero. State the pressure law and describe how it can be verified experimentally.
Answer the questions on pages 176 and 177. Verify that you can do all of the items listed in the end of chapter checklist on page 176.

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Solids, Liquids and Gases

Notes questions from pages 169 to 177 1. 2. 3. What is meant by Brownian Motion? State Boyles law and describe how it can be verified experimentally. State and explain how the pressure exerted by a gas changes with temperature. Define the kelvin temperature scale and state the kelvin temperature of (a) 0C, (b) 100 C and (c) absolute zero.

4.

5.

Answer questions 2, 4 5 and 6 on pages 176 and 177.

Online Simulations
States of matter - PhET - Watch different types of molecules form a solid, liquid, or gas. Add or remove heat and watch the phase change. Change the temperature or volume of a container and see a pressure-temperature diagram respond in real time. Relate the interaction potential to the forces between molecules Gas Properties -PhET - Pump gas molecules to a box and see what happens as you change the volume, add or remove heat, change gravity, and more. Measure the temperature and pressure, and discover how the properties of the gas vary in relation to each other. Molecular model of an ideal gas This has gas molecules in a cylinder-piston set up. Volume, pressure etc. can be varied - NTNU Brownian Motion - NTNU Brownian Motion - Virginia