Introduction To Microcontrollers

DataBus ALU
AccessLogic
Address
Control Logic
Registers
Interrupt&
Control Logic
(E)EPROM/
Flash
Microprocessor Microprocessor
Core
SRAM

Peripheral I/O
Logic

Microcontroller

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 What is a Microcontroller ?

• A microcontroller is a single chip microprocessor

system which contains:

– A processor core.
– Data and program memory.
– Serial and parallel I/O.
– Timers.
– External and internal interrupt handling mechanism.

all integrated into a single chip.

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 Block Diagram of a Microprocessor

• A microprocessor consists of an ALU to perform

arithmetic and logic manipulations, registers, and a
control unit.

• In addition,
its has some
interfaces to
the outside
world in the
form of busses.

• What is missing?
– Memory and the peripherals.
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 Block Diagram Of A Microcomputer

• Too much.
– For the limited applications intended, this system has
too much of everything.
• Meaning – too expensive.
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 Block Diagram Of A Microcontroller
• It is the specialized circuitry compared to the
microprocessor that makes the microcontroller such a
unique device.

• The microcontroller
operates on data that
is fed in through its
serial or parallel input
ports controlled by
the software stored
in the on-chip
memory.

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Example Of 8 bit & 16 bit Microcontroller
•µC 8 bit
•Motorola 68HC05, 68HC08, 68HC11
•Intel 8051 (dan varian spt 8031, 8751, 8052-
BASIC)
•Atmel AVR
•Microchip PIC (dan varian spt BASIC STAMP)
•Hitach H8/300, H8/300L

•µC 16 bit
•Intel 8096, 80251
•Motorola 68HC12, 68HC16
•Hitachi H8/300H, H8S
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 Example Microcontroller Families
• MC6811 from Motorola
– 8-bit stack-based architecture.
– 2 accumulators and 2 index registers.
– Built in EEPROM and RAM.
– Digital I/O.
– Timers.
– ADC.
– RS232 communication.
– Was the most powerful and flexible controller
available at introduction.
• Around 1970.
– Still very popular.
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•The MCS-51 From Intel
• Originally introduced by Intel in 1981.
– Currently, the most widely used microcontroller.
– 8-bit processor.
– 2 distinct separately addressable memory areas.
• Maximum of 64K on-chip ROM.
– Usually 0 to 4K.
• Maximum of 64K external data memory.
• Maximum of 64K external code memory.
• Basic version (8051) contains:
– 4K Bytes of on-chip ROM instruction memory.
– 128 Bytes of on-chip RAM for temporary data storage
and the stack.
– 2 timers, one serial port, and four 8-bit parallel I/O ports.
– Speeds starting from12 MHz.
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The 8051 Microcontroller Internals

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 Advantages of using microcontrollers
• Fast and effective
– The architecture correlates closely with the problem being
solved (control systems).
• Low cost / Low power
– High level of system integration within one component.
– Only a handful of components needed to create a working
system.
• Compatibility
– Opcodes and binaries are the SAME for all 80x51 variants.
• Multi-sourced
– Over 12 manufacturers, hundreds of varieties.
• Constant improvements
– Improvements in silicon/design increase speed and power
annually.

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