Socio-Cultural Diversity Awareness

2.0 Introduction
Malaysia has more than 200 ethnic groups. Pupils in schools should be exposed to the socio-cultural diversity in society. Can learn in a conducive environment in the face with students from different races.

2.1.1 Concept of race

John Stuart Mill, Race is the human species is bound by a sense obsessed with and more willing to cooperate with each other, compared with other race groups

 Kamus Dewan, "Race is a group of people who have same cultural characteristics, values and aspirations.

 In general, the concept of race means Same group of people with similar origin and nature. Human groups have a common identity, which united in one province and has a commitment to the region.

2.1.2 Ethnic
Ethnic: - Those that exist due to cultural differences. - Including how to think and behave .

 Race: - human groups have in common in terms of physical characteristics of real biological. - Groups of people who consider themselves or are considered by other groups as different from their group on the basis of physical differences that can not be changed.

Asimilasi

Akulturasi

Amalgamasi

Integrasi

Akomodasi

Pluralisme

Asimilasi
Proses penyerapan budaya. Dilihat melalui cara hidup @ kebudayaan sst msy yang telah diserap oleh kebudayaan dominan. Mardiana Nordin & Hasnah Hussin: - budaya A + B + C = A. - wlp berlaku penyerapan budaya, budaya A tetap kekal dan diterima umum.

Amalgamasi
Proses pencantuman dari segi biologi. (Perkahwinan campur) Menghasilkan satu kelompok baru yang membentuk satu budaya baru. Jayum A. Jawan (1997) : -A+B+C=D - menghasilkan kebudayaan baru yg dpt diterima oleh semua yg terlibat.

Pluralism
The process of defending cultural diversity. Preserve every difference is a matter of custom and inevitability. Jayum A. Jawan (1997): -A+B+C=A+B+C Each group still hold on to their culture that is what happen in our society today

Akomodasi
Setiap etnik menyedari nilai dan norma antara satu sama lain. Tetap mempertahankan budaya mereka tetapi hidup dengan harmoni dan saling menghormati antara satu sama lain.

Akulturasi
Manusia dlm kumpulan menerima norma, nilai dan pola2 tingkah laku golongan majoriti. Membolehkan masyarakat meminjam atau menerima unsur-unsur budaya golongan majoriti, tanpa mengubah unsur-unsur budaya asal.

Racism and Peacefully Issues

People should be more likely to embrace peace, harmony and cooperation among the population. Malaysia got multicolored group and the human lineage. Each group have dialects, customs, religion, belief and own values. - Live in peace and harmony.

 Peace and harmony must be maintained, strengthened and closely A people should know the sensitivity, taboos and beliefs of other people to be careful and not offend others. We should enjoy and benefit from the achievement of excellence with every race and culture.

1 Malaysia
Ideas by the Prime Minister. One idea to foster unity based upon important values to achieve progress and development . Strengthen the spirit of unity and brotherhood

 Three main core concept of 1 Malaysia: - Attitude of acceptance - Appreciation of the principles of nationhood - Defense to all those in need.

2.2 Social Structure / Social Classes

Society is a large group of people living interconnected and dependent on a culture and a particular field and have the same goal.

Roucek & Warren (1979) "People are classified as a group of people concerned with regular and orderly in collective activities and feel that they live together."

 The main features to classify a society:

live communally a culture often change interact with both internal and external parties have leadership a social order (stratification, class, status and caste)

Concepts related to the concept of community Ethnic Tribes Ethnicity Ethnocentrism Racism Prejudice stereotypes

 Ethnic groups - a group of people who take an almost uniform culture, including customs, dress, language and economic activities.

Tribe - a group of people who form the national groups. Eg there are Kadazan Dusun sub-ethnic like, Bisaya, Lotud, Kimaragang.

 Ethnicity - a sense of belonging of a particular ethnic group. Ethnocentrism - an attitude or belief that their own culture is better and higher value than other cultural groups.

 Racism - the views, thoughts or beliefs of the negative by a social group based on differences in physical face-biological or racial through behavior or action. 2 levels of racism: Individual level: beliefs and attitudes of individuals Institutional level: policy and implementation involves anticipatory discrimination

 Prejudice - a negative view of the member or the other ethnic groups is rooted in one's person or a particular ethnic group. Stereotypes - general statements of a negative toward ethnic groups

Plural Society
Kamaruddin Jaafar "The people are mixed but have a life apart, their interaction is limited, full of prejudices and 'common' but not together. J.S. Furnivall (1948) "People of diverse racial or ethnic groups that are under one system of government."

Characteristics
Social basis of a pluralistic society is a mixture of different human groups. Arising from colonial domination (political). The absence or weakness of social co-determination.

Conclusion
The role of social structure / social class is to create unity. The teacher's role: -Make sure students are able to assimilate and interact between the lower and upper class students -Promoting the value of friendship, cooperation and tolerance, viewed in the classroom

2.3 Belief
Belief - belief or acknowledgment of the truth of something. Psychological context: a state of mind associated with attitudes Religious context: part of a foundation of moral development

Malay belief
The belief in witch-doctors Shaman often uses curse mantra or enchanters.

* Mentera: poetry recital that contains elements of witchcraft

Taboos of Malays Community

Duduk di atas bantal boleh menjadi bisul (boil, ulcer). Jangan bergendang dalam rumah, nanti harta habis dicuri oleh orang Kalau makan nasi kena habiskan... kalau tidak nasi akan menangis

Chinese Belief
The universe is pervaded by the spirit with extraordinary strength. This spirit lives in natural phenomena such as sky, sun, soil, water, etc.. This phenomenon is classified into yang' and 'yin'.

Kepercayaan Masyarakat Cina

'Who' - the basic principles for the man, the sun, the south, the heat of the light (day), and all high-risk active.

'Yin' - principles such as women, the moon, the north, cold, dark and all passive.

Indian belief
Believe in the gods, the elements of nature, evil elements such as ghosts, souls and spirits as well as negative effects.

Animism - believe every thing on this earth has a spirit that must be respected so as not to disturb people, Farmer community believe in the spirit of the rice.

Values and Beliefs

Values and beliefs interelated. Beliefs give a direction of life

Values- the principles that determine what is wrong or right and determine good moral value in society.

Nilai
Nilai dalam masyarakat mempengaruhi norma masyarakat. 3 jenis nilai: Etnosentrik
Menilai budaya masyarakat lain berpandukan nilai, kepercayaan dan norma sendiri.

Relativisme
Sesuatu budaya tidak boleh dinilai secara arbitrari dengan menggunakan nilai, kepercayaan dan norma sendiri.

Xenosentrisme
Anggapan budaya masyarakat lain lebih baik drpd masyarakat sendiri.

Value
3 types of value: Ethnocentric
Evaluate other cultures based on values, beliefs and norms

Relativism
A culture can not be measured arbitrarily by using the values, beliefs and norms.

Xenosentrism
Presumption of other cultures better than society itself.

2.4 Language
Is a communication system that uses sound or symbol. Have structure, but the meaning can not be used indiscriminately .

Is a set of symbols and the programs that put together with a method and added with a complex communication system. (Cole, 1998)

 Function of language:

To describe the situation or to convey information between speaker and listener. (communicative function) That received by listeners . (function apelative) To communicate feelings and thoughts. (function expression) For interpreting intelligence. (cognitive function)

 Language is dynamic As appropriate to community groups and time. Language had changes Having to adapt to the social organization and social role patterns in the community. Eg: colonialism, war, social class, ethnicity, age, sex, occupation, economic status, age ......

 Easily influenced by elements of language dialects. The Malays speak Malay dialect but each dialect states are different. The Indians speak Tamil language which is taken from Tamil Nadu. Chinese speakers are identified by their group.

Efforts to improve the language proficiency of students:Vision Three different integrated school flow inside an area. Students from various races can be viewed in the national language of communication. Can understand the culture, language and thinking partners from other communities. Organizing various activities Activities competitions, debates, lectures, speeches

Efforts to improve the language proficiency of students

Vision School Three different integrated school inside in same area. Students from various races can communiciate by using national language. Can understand the culture, language and view from other communities. Organizing various activities Activities competitions, debates, lectures, speeches

2.5 Custom
It is a way that was determined to do something has been recognized by the community. A matter that has been passed down from generation to generation by the Malays, Indians and Chinese in this country.

Malay Custom
Melenggang Perut:
Performed on a woman who has completed seven months pregnant. Placing the baby's position in the stomach at the place I should.

Bercukur Jambul: Performed on new-born baby. Usually carried out after the mother abstains over. Baby will be given a name.

Adat Resam Melayu

circumcision: Is preparing to face youngsters and adults. Performed on both male and female individuals who have come of age and proper conditions. Proposed and Engagement: Aims to identify partners with more depth before marriage.

Adat Resam Melayu

Death: To hold a feast that given to the deceased. 3/7 days in a row, or at night to 40.

Chinese Custom
Birth:

Mother in law take care of pregnant women.

Sons is better than a daughter cause being able to extend the descendants through inheritance ancestors name. name First words: Family name (surname) Second words: Generation name Three words: Own Name

 Feast after the wedding: Giving Cake 'Angku and red colored eggs to relatives.

Shaving the hair: In recognition of the birth of new people into the community

Indian Custom
During pregnancy: Valaikaappu custom Intended for giving a name to the baby. Done when the first pregnancy reach 7- 9 months. Wear the new bracelet know as Suulkaappu. (Suulkaappu: Protection of the mother's womb)

 During Maternity: Whispering the name of God - Gayatti Mantiram to your baby's ear Sweeping baby honey on the tongue for beauty.

2.6 Gender
Gender also affect the formation of climate in the classroom. Men and women have differences in their thoughts, feelings and behavior. Mixed class - give students the opportunity interact with more orderly, responsibility, respect for gender differences and broaden understanding and tolerance. Consequently, teachers must know how to plan activities in accordance with the gender