Problem Solving and Creativity

The problem-solving cycle

1 Problem Identification 7 Evaluating problemsolving

2 Definition of the Problem

6 Monitoring problemsolving
5 Allocation of resources

3 Constructing a strategy for problemsolving 4 Organizing information about the problem

The problem-solving cycle

1.

Problem identification

Do we actually have a problem?

What exactly is our problem? How can we solve the problem?

2. Problem definition and representation

3. Strategy formulation

a. Analysis- breaking down the whole of a complex problem into manageable elements. Synthesis- putting together various elements to arrange them into something useful

The problem-solving cycle

b. Divergent thinking- trying to generate a diverse assortment of positive alternative solutions to a problem. Convergent thinking- narrowing down the multiple possibilities to converge on a single best answer. 4. Organization of information

How do the various pieces of information in the problem fit to together? How much time, effort, money, etc., should I put into this problem? Am I on track as I proceed to solve the problem? Did I solve the problem correctly?

5. Resource allocation

6. Monitoring

7. Evaluation

Problems
Well-structured
Have

problems

clear paths to solutions Well-defined problems

Ill-structured
Lack

problems

clear paths to solutions Ill-defined problems

Well-structured problems
Three

main kinds of errors

1. Inadvertently moving backward Reversion to a state that is further form the end goal 2. Making illegal moves Making a move not permitted according to the terms of the problem 3. Not realizing the nature of the next legal move Becoming stuck- do not know what to do next, given the current stage of the problem.

Well-structured problems
Problem

space- is the universe of all the possible actions that can be applied to solving the problem, given any constraints that apply to the solution of the problem. Algorithms- are sequences of operations in a problem space that may be repeated over and over again that, in theory, guarantee the solution to a problem. Heuristics- mental shortcuts which are informal, intuitive, speculative strategies that sometimes lead to an effective solution and sometimes do not.

Isomorphic problem
Two

problems have the same formal structure and only their content differs. It is difficult to apply problem solving-strategies for isomorphic problem.

Ill-structured problem and the role of the insight

Ill-structured

problems

Lack clear paths to solutions Ill-defined problems

Insight-

is a distinctive and sometimes seemingly sudden understanding of a problem or of a strategy that aids in solving the problem.

What are some of the obstacles and aids to problem solving?

Mental

set

Also termed as entrenchment. Is a strategy that has worked in the past but that does not work for a particular problem that needs to be solved in the present. Functional fixedness- involves the inability to see that something that is known to have a particular use also may be used for serving other purposes .

What are some of the obstacles and aids to problem solving?

Transfer-refers to the carry-over of problemsolving skills form one problem or kind of problem to another. Positive transfer Incubation- follows a period of intensive work on a problem. It involves laying a problem to rest for a while and then returning to it.

How does expertise affect problem-solving?

Expert

differs from novices in both the amount and the organization of knowledge that they bring to bear on a problem solving in the domain of their expertise. Automatic processes- facilitates the experts ability to solve problems in the given area of expertise.

What is creativity, and how can it be fostered?

Creativity

involves producing something that is both original and worthwhile .

Factors Extremely high motivation to be creative in a particular field of endeavor. Both the non-conformity in violating any conventions that might inhibit the creative work and dedication in maintaining standards of excellence and self-discipline related to the creative work.

What is creativity, and how can it be fostered?

Deep

belief in the value of the creative work, as well as willingness to criticize and improve the work. Careful choice of the problems or subjects on which to focus creative attention. Thought processes characterized by both insight and divergent thinking. Risk thinking Extensive knowledge of the relevant domain Profound commitment to the creative endeavor.