Chapter 3- Linear Motion

Speed, velocity and acceleration

Displacement vs. Distance

Scalar: How far did I travel? Example: 60 km Displacement Vector: How far am I and in what direction from where I started? Example: 60 km North
Distance

Speed

Average Speed =Total distance traveled divided by the time of travel. speed = d distance/time: v t Units? km/h or mph (really mi/h is better) meters/second (m/s) 62mph is aprox. 100 km/h or about 28 m/s i.e. 1 m/s = 2 mph (approximately)

Speed

Instantaneous speed What we normally call speed How fast an object is moving at any given instant. This is what we read on the speedometer of a car.

Average Speed and Distance

d Ave. speed = total distance/time of travel v t

Note: During a trip, you may never be going at your average speed for very long. How far am I going? Distance = Ave. speed x time d v t Check units compare with Ave. speed

Velocity
d Its a vector! Displacement time v t

Example: 50 km/hr North Instantaneous - your speed and your direction of motion at a particular instant.(Word often omitted) Example: 100 km/h South Sospeed is the magnitude of velocity! Constant Velocity constant speed in a straight line Changing velocity means going faster, slower and/or changing direction. Whenever speed and/or direction changes (changing velocity) an object is accelerating.

Fig.3.3

Fig. 3.4

Concept Question
Jack is riding a bike from Fayetteville to Springdale at 12 m/h. Jill is riding a bike back from Springdale to Fayetteville at 12 m/h. As they pass each other. a. their speeds are identical and their velocities are identical. b. their speeds are different and their velocities are different. c. their speeds are different and their velocities are identical. d. their speeds are identical and their velocities are different. e. theoretical physics predicts they will turn into giant frogs.

Acceleration

Acceleration is a measure of "how quickly how fast Changes". We can feel it, but we cant see it! Acceleration is change in velocity with time a vector quantity

Speeds up, slows down, changes direction When an object has a constant velocity it has no acceleration.

Revisit Newtons 1st Law:

An object will not accelerate unless a net force acts on it (the acceleration is in the same direction as the net force)

Acceleration (cont.)
When

an object is in equilibrium:

Its velocity is constant. Its acceleration is 0. The net force acting on it is 0.

Average

acceleration tells on average how quickly the velocity changes over a period of time.

Instantaneous

Acceleration how quickly the velocity is changing in an instant of time

v a t

Acceleration (cont.)

Standard Units

British Engineering Miles per hour per second: mi/hr/s Feet per second/per second: ft/s/s (ft/s2)

Metric

Kilometers per hour per second: km/hr/s Meters/second/second: m/s/s (m/s2) Common Usage Acceleration Speeding up Deceleration Slowing down

Concept Questions
Q. A car drives 50 mi/hr in a straight line for 5 s. What is its acceleration? Q. Car A accelerates from 50 mph to 60 mph. Car B accelerates from 30 mi/hr to 40 mi/hr. Which has the greater acceleration?

Describe the Motion

Free Fall

Objects falling near the earths surface under the influence of gravity only (no air friction). The acceleration of all objects is 9.8 m/s/s (32 ft/s/s) or about 10 m/s/s. We use g as the symbol for the acceleration due to gravity. How fast 1 s after drop? 2 s? If an object falls from rest, then its instantaneous velocity is just acceleration (g) time

v gt

Velocity change is constant

How Fast ?

Fig. 3.7

An object projected straight up has constant acceleration after it leaves the projector

Direction sign Up Positive Down Negative

Fig. 3.8

Distance (How far) in Free Fall (Constant Acceleration)

Again, assume we start from rest. How far in 1 s? Distance is the Average velocity x time of fall.

d vt

vi v f For constant acceleration v 2

When vi = 0, then

1 2 d gt 2

Now Far ?

Fig. 3.9

Check (Challenge) Question:

Consider a rifle fired straight downward from a highaltitude balloon. If the muzzle velocity is 100 m/s and air resistance can be neglected: What is the acceleration of the bullet after one second? What is the speed of the bullet after one second?

v f vi gt

How far has the bullet gone after one second?

1 2 d vit gt 2

Figure 3.10

Fig. 3.10

YouTube - Feather & Hammer Drop on Moon