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Twelfth Edition
Chapter 2
A Brief Journey to the Microbial World
Lectures by Buchan & LeCleir
Copyright 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
2.5 Elements of Cell and Viral Structure 2.6 Arrangement of DNA in Microbial Cells 2.7 The Evolutionary Tree of Life
Ribosomes
Figure 2.11a
Figure 2.11b
Prokaryotes
No membrane-enclosed organelles No nucleus Generally smaller than eukaryotic cells
Copyright 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Figure 2.12c
Viruses
Not considered cells No metabolic abilities of their own
Figure 2.13
The Nucleoid
Figure 2.14
4,300 genes
1,900 different kinds of protein 2.4 million protein molecules
Human Cell
1,000X more DNA per cell than E. coli 7X more genes than E. coli
Phylogeny
Evolutionary relationships between organisms Relationships can be deduced by comparing genetic information (nucleic acid or amino acid sequences) in the different specimens Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) are excellent molecules for determining phylogeny Can visualize relationships on a phylogenetic tree
Copyright 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Figure 2.16
eons ago
This arrangement is known as endosymbiosis
Figure 2.17
Chemoorganotrophs
Obtain their energy from the oxidation of organic molecules
Chemolithotrophs
Obtain their energy from the oxidation or inorganic molecules Process found only in prokaryotes
Figure 2.18
Organisms that inhabit extreme environments are called extremophiles Habitats include boiling hot springs, glaciers, extremely
2.9 Bacteria
The domain Bacteria contains an enormous variety of prokaryotes All known pathogenic prokaryotes are Bacteria The Proteobacteria make up the largest division of Bacteria.
Gram-negative
E.G., E. coli, Pseudomonas and Salmonella Cyanobacteria are relatives of gram-positive bacteria Critical to the evolution of life; they oxygenated the Earths atmosphere
Figure 2.19
Figure 2.20
Gram-positive Bacteria
Figure 2.21
Filamentous Cyanobacteria
Figure 2.22
2.9 Bacteria
photosynthetic
Deinococcus are extremely resistant to radioactivity Chlamydia are obligate intracelluar parasites
Figure 2.25
Figure 2.26
2.10 Archaea
Two Phyla of the Domain Archaea
Euryarchaeota
Methanogens: anaerobically degrade organic matter, produce methane (natural gas) Extreme halophiles: require high salt concentrations for metabolism and reproduction
2.10 Archaea
Crenarchaeota
Vast majority of cultured Crenarchaeota are hyperthermophiles
Figure 2.28
Figure 2.32
Figure 2.33a
Figure 2.33b
Figure 2.33c
Lichens
Figure 2.34